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911.
912.
Williams DC Saunders KJ Perone M 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2011,95(2):203-220
We conducted three experiments to reproduce and extend Perone and Courtney's (1992) study of pausing at the beginning of fixed-ratio schedules. In a multiple schedule with unequal amounts of food across two components, they found that pigeons paused longest in the component associated with the smaller amount of food (the lean component), but only when it was preceded by the rich component. In our studies, adults with mild intellectual disabilities responded on a touch-sensitive computer monitor to produce money. In Experiment 1, the multiple-schedule components differed in both response requirement and reinforcer magnitude (i.e., the rich component required fewer responses and produced more money than the lean component). Effects shown with pigeons were reproduced in all 7 participants. In Experiment 2, we removed the stimuli that signaled the two schedule components, and participants' extended pausing was eliminated. In Experiment 3, to assess sensitivity to reinforcer magnitude versus fixed-ratio size, we presented conditions with equal ratio sizes but disparate magnitudes and conditions with equal magnitudes but disparate ratio sizes. Sensitivity to these manipulations was idiosyncratic. The present experiments obtained schedule control in verbally competent human participants and, despite procedural differences, we reproduced findings with animal participants. We showed that pausing is jointly determined by past conditions of reinforcement and stimuli correlated with upcoming conditions. 相似文献
913.
Anthony Marc Williams 《The Journal of value inquiry》2011,45(3):267-277
914.
Ryan Williams LaMothe 《Pastoral Psychology》2011,60(1):179-193
In this article, I offer a pastoral analysis of the three interrelated pillars of U.S. hegemony, namely, “free market” capitalism,
militarism, and exceptionalism. My claims are that these pillars 1) were and are integral to the rise and maintenance of the
U.S. Empire or the U.S. as hyperpower, 2) while beneficial to some U.S. citizens (as well as Western Europeans) and accidentally
to other peoples, have significant and extensive detrimental and long-term consequences for other peoples, and 3) represent
fundamentally and profoundly flawed symbol systems vis-à-vis creating social policies and programs that involve the common
good or foster community. I argue further that the fusion of these symbol systems—free market capitalism, militarism, and
exceptionalism—gives rise to the interpretation of the Other as functional and is inherently flawed and dangerous, because
these systems lead to controlling, manipulating, using, or destroying the Other. If the notion of the common good is to expand
beyond the narrow confines of corporations or a nation and if we seek a good enough society that fosters diverse communities,
then these semiotic systems must be subordinate to religious or humanistic symbol systems that elevate the personhood of the
Other. 相似文献
915.
Hadjistavropoulos T Craig KD Duck S Cano A Goubert L Jackson PL Mogil JS Rainville P Sullivan MJ de C Williams AC Vervoort T Fitzgerald TD 《Psychological bulletin》2011,137(6):910-939
We present a detailed framework for understanding the numerous and complicated interactions among psychological and social determinants of pain through examination of the process of pain communication. The focus is on an improved understanding of immediate dyadic transactions during painful events in the context of broader social phenomena. Fine-grain consideration of social transactions during pain leads to an appreciation of sociobehavioral events affecting both suffering persons as well as caregivers. Our examination considers knowledge from a variety of perspectives, including clinical health psychology, social and developmental processes, evolutionary psychology, communication studies, and behavioral neuroscience. 相似文献
916.
Autumn J. Kujawa Dana Torpey Jiyon Kim Greg Hajcak Suzanne Rose Ian H. Gotlib Daniel N. Klein 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(1):125-135
Attentional biases for negative stimuli have been observed in school-age and adolescent children of depressed mothers and
may reflect a vulnerability to depression. The direction of these biases and whether they can be identified in early childhood
remains unclear. The current study examined attentional biases in 5–7-year-old children of depressed and non-depressed mothers.
Following a mood induction, children participated in a dot-probe task assessing biases for sad and happy faces. There was
a significant interaction of group and sex: daughters of depressed mothers attended selectively to sad faces, while children
of controls and sons of depressed mothers did not exhibit biases. No effects were found for happy stimuli. These findings
suggest that attentional biases are discernible in early childhood and may be vulnerability markers for depression. The results
also raise the possibility that sex differences in cognitive biases are evident before the emergence of sex differences in
the prevalence of depression. 相似文献
917.
When reaching goals, organisms must simultaneously meet the overarching goal of conserving energy. According to the law of least effort, organisms will select the means associated with the least effort. The mechanisms underlying this bias remain unknown. One
hypothesis is that organisms come to avoid situations associated with unnecessary effort by generating a negative valence
toward the stimuli associated with such situations. Accordingly, merely using a dysfunctional, ‘slow’ computer mouse causes
participants to dislike ambient neutral images (Study 1). In Study 2, nonsense shapes were liked less when associated with
effortful processing (135° of mental rotation) versus easier processing (45° of rotation). Complementing ‘fluency’ effects
found in perceptuo-semantic research, valence emerged from action-related processing in a principled fashion. The findings
imply that negative valence associations may underlie avoidance motivations, and have practical implications for educational/workplace
contexts in which effort and positive affect are conducive to success. 相似文献
918.
Suzanne L. Osman 《Sex roles》2011,64(7-8):506-515
This study examined empathy for a hypothetical rape victim and perpetrator based on gender of victim, perpetrator and participant, and sexual aggression experience. Undergraduates (n?=?591, 333 female) from a United States east coast mid-size public university completed the Rape Victim and Perpetrator Empathy Scales (victim and perpetrator gender experimentally varied), and the Sexual Experiences Survey. Hypotheses were partially supported. Empathy was greater with the victim of a man than a woman. Women with victimization experience were especially empathic with a female victim. Men without victimization experience were relatively non-empathic with a male victim. Empathy was greater with a female than a male perpetrator, especially when her victim was male or when reported by women. A male rapist received the greatest empathy from men with perpetration experience. Findings are consistent with cultural expectations that women are victims and men are aggressors, and may imply that similarity in experience can facilitate rape empathy. 相似文献
919.
Joah L. Williams Christopher J. Monahan Meghan E. McDevitt-Murphy 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(4):514-522
Although DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) include three primary symptom clusters, recent evidence from
confirmatory factor analyses suggest that the latent structure of PTSD is better represented by four factors, which will likely
be reflected in the upcoming DSM-5. Given this likely transition from three to four clusters, the present study sought to
examine specific and non-specific aspects of dysphoria in the factor structure of PTSD symptoms in a sample of OEF/OIF combat
veterans presenting to a Veterans Affairs primary care clinic. PTSD symptoms were assessed using the PCL-M (Weathers et al.
1993). Results from confirmatory factor analyses suggested that a dysphoria factor involving a number of non-specific distress
symptoms may be an important part of the PTSD symptom profile. After controlling for variance due to general psychological
distress, we further found that factor loadings on the dysphoria factor were attenuated but continued to significantly load
onto the factor, suggesting that dysphoria may be a specific part of the PTSD symptom constellation. 相似文献
920.
According to Regulatory Focus theory (RFT), outcomes in persuasive messages can be framed in four different ways, as gains, non-gains, losses or non-losses. In study 1, the persuasiveness of all four frames was compared and the presence/absence effect that was expected on the basis of the feature-positive effect was verified: Statements about present outcomes (gain, loss) were more persuasive than those about absent outcomes (non-gain, non-loss). However, this study failed to support the prediction that a gain-framed message would be more persuasive than a loss-framed message when promoting a prevention behaviour. Study 2 was designed to examine the latter finding. It was hypothesised that the threat posed by the loss-framed message in study 1 was too low to elicit a defensive reaction. Therefore, in study 2, the personal relevance of the gain and the loss framed message was manipulated. Consistent with predictions, the gain-framed message was more persuasive than the loss-framed message, but only when the message was personalised to increase self-relevance. Moreover, the effect was due to a significant drop in persuasion in the loss condition, probably caused by a defensive reaction. These data shed a new light on the findings of past framing studies. 相似文献