Weekending on the Coronation Gulf

Allen E. Ivey's visit to Coppermine, an Inuit village in the Canadian Arctic, is the basis for this assessment of the difficulties that arise when a traditional society is confronted and affected by the changes that inevitably accompany technological advancement and so-called Western contact. This article is written in narrative form that incorporates some aspects of a travelogue as well as professional observation and analysis. Focus is particularly held on the matter of counseling and guidance techniques and the question of their applicability outside the milieu in which they have been developed.     

Altruistic organizational citizenship behavior: context, disposition, and age

The authors proposed employee age as moderating the structural stability of altruistic organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) with regard to the influence of context-relevant attitudes and dispositional variables. Analyses of peer ratings of altruistic OCB in a sample of 96 U.S. nurses showed that the contextual variables of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and trust in management were germane for the younger participants. The dispositional variable of moral judgment was a unique predictor of altruistic OCB among the older participants.     

Antecedents of Physical and Sexual Victimization Among Homeless Women: A Comparison to Homeless Men

Homeless women experience extensive health risks including physical and sexual victimization. Few studies that have gathered information on homeless persons have reported results separately for women or have compared them directly with men. Research that both investigates antecedents of victimization among homeless women and compares them to those for men is necessary to determine whether prevention efforts must be different for each group. We investigated potential antecedents of recent (past 30 days) physical and sexual victimization in a probability sample of 394 homeless women and compared findings to those for 1159 homeless men. As hypothesized, mental disorder, substance dependence, and engaging in economic survival strategies significantly predicted victimization among homeless women. With few dissimilarities, these characteristics also predicted victimization among homeless men. Although differences in the needs and experiences of homeless women and men must be recognized, both women and men require assistance to establish and maintain safe residences, treatment of any substance use and mental disorder, and alternatives to economic survival strategies that place them at risk for victimization.     

Caregiver Attitudes About Patients Told They Have Alzheimer's Disease After Truth Disclosure

We wished to determine caregiver attitudes about telling patients they have Alzheimer's disease (AD). At a clinic visit, the patient, caregiver, and other family members were informed of the diagnosis of AD in a frank discussion. Caregivers accompanying patients to the Memory Disorders Clinic (MDC) were interviewed in a postvisit telephone survey 3–12 months after the truth disclosure visit. Of the 37 caregivers of a consecutive series of AD clinic patients we contacted, 35 agreed to the interview. Of those caregivers interviewed, 68.6% agreed that it had been a good idea to tell the patient the diagnosis, although 11.4% disagreed. 74.3% thought that the truth disclosure had not been too upsetting; 20% disagreed. Caregivers with more education were more likely to agree that patients should be informed. Neither the relationship of the caregiver to the patient, the patient's age, sex, education level, nor degree of dementia were predictive of the caregiver's attitude about informing the patient. Most Caregivers agreed with disclosing the diagnosis. Only a small group of patients were judged very upset after hearing the diagnosis. Even for those patients, caregivers generally felt that an honest discussion of the diagnosis had been helpful.     

Are criminals better lie detectors? Investigating offenders' abilities in the context of deception detection

The present research examined lie detection abilities of a rarely investigated group, namely offenders. Results of the studies conducted thus far indicated a better performance of offenders compared to non‐offenders when discriminating between true and false messages. With two new studies, we aimed at replicating offenders' superior abilities in the context of deception detection. Results of Study 1 (N = 76 males), in contrast, revealed that offenders were significantly worse at accurately classifying true and false messages compared to non‐offenders (students). Results of Study 2 (N = 175 males) revealed that offenders' discrimination performance was not significantly different compared to non‐offenders (clinic staff). An internal meta‐analysis yielded no significant difference between offenders and non‐offenders, questioning the generalizability of previous findings.     

The Role of Exposure to Violence and Psychopathy on Violent Crime Perpetration

Exposure to violence strongly predicts violent behavior. However, not all individuals who are exposed to violence engage in violent behavior. Personality is one factor that influences the translation from exposure to violence to engagement in violent behavior. Previous research in adolescents showed that psychopathy (a personality disorder) mediated the relationship between exposure to violence and violent behavior. However, this research has not: been conducted in adults, despite evidence of instability in exposure to violence and psychopathy across the lifespan; examined the specificity of this relationship to different expressions of psychopathy, such as subcomponent Factors and primary/secondary subtypes; and, considered other environmental experiences that may impact this relationship. In two samples of adults (community [N?=?232] and prison [N?=?313]), psychopathy affected the relationship between exposure to violence and violence (community indirect effect?=?0.03, SE?=?0.02, 95% CI?=?0.004, 0.07; prison indirect effect?=?0.14, SE?=?0.05, 95% CI?=?0.05, 0.25). These effects appeared to be related more strongly to the impulsive-antisocial traits of psychopathy and the secondary (high-anxious) subtype of psychopathy. Results were robust against demographic and other environmental experiences. Ultimately, our findings indicate that psychopathy is an important factor affecting the link between exposure to violence and violent behavior.

     

Islam and Mental Disorders of the Older Adults: Religious Text,Belief System and Caregiving Practices

Journal of Religion and Health - This paper illustrates the impact of Islamic religious texts on dementia care in the Middle East. It examines how old age and older adults mental disorders are...