Sluzenski J  Newcombe N  Ottinger W 《Developmental science》2004,7(2):225-245

The purposes of this research were to examine the developmental relation between reality monitoring and episodic memory, to link reality monitoring to autobiographical memory by using extended naturalistic events, and to examine prefrontal functioning as a potential contributor to development in reality monitoring and episodic memory. In Experiment 1, 4-year-olds were worse than 6- or 8-year-olds at reality monitoring after a week delay, despite the fact that they remembered more about real than imagined events and remembered different aspects of each. In Experiments 2 and 3, reality monitoring and episodic memory were evaluated for 4- and 6-year-olds immediately after the events occurred and, in Experiment 3, again after a week delay. Reality monitoring was at higher levels for both age groups, but age differences remained. These data suggest that preschoolers' difficulties with reality monitoring result from a combination of episodic memory deficits and strategic differences. In addition, correlation analyses more directly linked preschoolers' reality monitoring to episodic memory and supported the hypothesis that episodic memory development is related to prefrontal functioning.  相似文献   

  总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Suzanne C.  Brothers James E.  Maddux 《Journal of applied social psychology》2003,33(2):248-262

This study examined the relationship between construals of the parenthood goal and emotional reactions to fertility difficulties. Mcintosh and Martin's (1992) goal linkage model predicts that individuals experiencing fertility difficulties who strongly link biological parenthood to happiness (i.e., those who strongly believe that having a biological child is necessary for happiness and life satisfaction) will ruminate more about this unfulfilled goal than will individuals who engage in less linking. The model also predicts that greater rumination leads to greater emotional distress and that rumination will mediate the relationship between linking and emotional distress. To examine these hypotheses, 69 women experiencing difficulty conceiving completed questionnaires that assessed linking, rumination, and emotional distress. Results support the hypotheses from the goal linkage model: Linking predicted rumination, rumination predicted emotional distress, and rumination mediated the relationship between linking and distress.  相似文献   

    

Harris PL  Pasquini ES  Duke S  Asscher JJ  Pons F 《Developmental science》2006,9(1):76-96

In three experiments, children's reliance on other people's testimony as compared to their own, first-hand experience was assessed in the domain of ontology. Children ranging from 4 to 8 years were asked to judge whether five different types of entity exist: real entities (e.g. cats, trees) whose existence is evident to everyone; scientific entities (e.g. germs, oxygen) that are normally invisible but whose existence is generally presupposed in everyday discourse; endorsed beings (e.g. the Tooth Fairy, Santa Claus) whose existence is typically endorsed in discourse with young children; equivocal beings (e.g. monsters, witches) whose existence is not typically endorsed in discourse with young children; and impossible entities (e.g. flying pigs, barking cats) that nobody believes in. Children make a broad dichotomy between entities and beings that they claim to exist (real entities; scientific entities; and endorsed beings) and those whose existence they deny (equivocal beings and impossible entities). They also make a more fine-grained distinction among the invisible entities that they claim to exist. Thus, they assert the existence of scientific entities such as germs with more confidence than that of endorsed beings such as Santa Claus. The findings confirm that children's ontological claims extend beyond their first-hand encounters with instances of a given category. Children readily believe in entities that they cannot see for themselves but have been told about. Their confidence in the existence of those entities appears to vary with the pattern of testimony that they receive.  相似文献   

    

Suzanne Kaplan 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2006,87(3):725-746

The author bases this paper on extensive research concerning children in genocide with a starting point in the Holocaust and in the genocide in Rwanda 1994. She demonstrates indicators for psychological phenomena concerning the child survivors' affect regulating that appeared in life histories presented in videotaped in‐depth interviews. The psychological phenomena concern experiences of persecution and ways of coming to terms with recurring memory images and affects. The interviews that have been analysed in detail form a basis for an emerging conceptual model about trauma‐ and generational‐linking processes within each individual‐the ‘affect propeller’. An overall conclusion from this study is that past traumatic experiences are recovered not as memories in the usual sense of the word, but as affects invading the present. Accordingly, affects seem to tell the story of the past traumatic experiences.  相似文献   

    

Suzanne Falgout   《Aggression and violent behavior》2009,14(6):445-453

This paper provides historical background on youth violence for the understudied indigenous Micronesian culture of Pohnpei. Aggression has long been of high cultural value for men in Pohnpei. Masculinity was assessed on a man's power and authority (manaman), as generally indicated by his possession of a ranked title within the chiefly hierarchy. For the very highest ones, a man's title was awarded on the basis of matrilineal genealogical connections; for all other titles, more weight was placed on individual achievements (with the help of relatives, undertaken for the chiefs) in the most competitive realms of society—bravery in warfare and prestations (i.e., the offering of valuable gifts that are due to people of high status) at feasts. Masculinity was also assessed in terms of a man's heterosexual prowess. A man's successes in these realms were based on his possession of special knowledge, skills, and other characteristics—but typically, these were carefully secluded from public notice and dramatically revealed only on special occasions. One Pohnpeian proverb states, “The quiet of the fierce barracuda.” Like a barracuda, a man lies quietly in the water, waiting for his prey to appear; when it does, he rises swiftly and surely to the attack.Many changes to Pohnpeian culture have resulted from nearly two centuries of various foreign activities on the island. This paper explores the changes in indigenous masculinity and aggression during early foreign contact by whalers, traders, beachcombers, and missionaries who used Pohnpei as a major port of call; over four successive colonial regimes in Micronesia that had headquarters in Pohnpei; during Japanese militarization of the island in World War II; and in the American rule that quickly followed. The indigenous Pohnpeian cultural notions of masculinity and aggression, with modifications over these centuries of contact, are ones that Pohnpeians carry with them in diaspora, primarily to the United States, especially in the more developed Pacific Islands located nearby, such as Guam and Hawai'i.  相似文献   

    

Marc B. Schure  John Christopher  Suzanne Christopher 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2008,86(1):47-56

A 4‐year qualitative study examined the influence of teaching hatha yoga, meditation, and qigong to counseling graduate students. Participants in the 15‐week, 3‐credit mindfulness‐based stress reduction course reported positive physical, emotional, mental, spiritual, and interpersonal changes and substantial effects on their counseling skills and therapeutic relationships. Students expressed different preferences for and experiences with the 3 mindfulness practices. Most students reported intentions of integrating mindfulness practices into their future profession.  相似文献   

    

Seah SL  Ang RP 《Aggressive behavior》2008,34(5):553-562

This study investigated relationship between reactive and proactive aggression, and narcissism, anxiety, schizotypal traits, and interpersonal relations in a sample of 698 Asian adolescents from Grades 7 to 9. Proactive aggression was found to be significantly associated with narcissism, whereas reactive aggression was significantly associated with anxiety, schizotypal traits, and poor interpersonal relations. Study findings provide support from a cross-cultural standpoint for differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression and represent an initial attempt to illustrate the generalizability of existing findings on the distinction between the two subtypes in an Asian context. Implications for theory building of the reactive-proactive aggression typology are discussed.  相似文献   

    

Gomez R  McLaren S 《Aggressive behavior》2007,33(2):160-169

This study examined three models depicting the relations between mother and father attachment, self-esteem and aggression. A total of 385 participants (173 males and 212 females), aged from 18 to 20 years, completed self-rating questionnaires covering mother and father attachment, self-esteem and aggression. Results showed that self-esteem had additive and mediation effects on both the father attachment-aggression and mother attachment-aggression relationships, and also moderated the mother attachment-aggression relation. These findings are discussed in terms of different models for the inter-relations of mother and father attachment, self-esteem and aggression in late adolescence.  相似文献   

    

Vonk J  MacDonald SE 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2002,78(3):315-332

The extent to which nonhumans are able to form conceptual versus perceptual discriminations remains a matter of debate. Among the great apes, only chimpanzees have been tested for conceptual understanding, defined as the ability to form discriminations not based solely on simple perceptual features of stimuli, and to transfer this learning to novel stimuli. In the present investigation, a young captive female gorilla was trained at three levels of abstraction (concrete, intermediate, and abstract) involving sets of photographs representing natural categories (e.g., orangutans vs. humans, primates vs. nonprimate animals, animals vs. foods). Within each level of abstraction, when the gorilla had learned to discriminate positive from negative exemplars in one set of photographs, a novel set was introduced. Transfer was defined in terms of high accuracy during the first two sessions with the new stimuli. The gorilla acquired discriminations at all three levels of abstraction but showed unambiguous transfer only with the concrete and abstract stimulus sets. Detailed analyses of response patterns revealed little evidence of control by simple stimulus features. Acquisition and transfer involving abstract stimulus sets suggest a conceptual basis for gorilla categorization. The gorilla's relatively poor performance with intermediate-level discriminations parallels findings with pigeons, and suggests a need to reconsider the role of perceptual information in discriminations thought to indicate conceptual behavior in nonhumans.  相似文献   

    

Suzanne Van Stralen 《New Directions for Adult & Continuing Education》2002,2002(94):13-22

Six nursing managers learn to be more wholistic in how they manage responsibilities in a fast-paced work environment oriented toward cost efficiency.  相似文献