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871.
Goal orientation theory is concerned with performance and learning goals in academic, athletic, and other ability areas. Here
we examine performance and learning goals for emotion regulation. We define performance goals for emotion regulation as seeking
to prove one’s ability to manage emotions; learning goals for emotion regulation are defined as seeking to improve one’s ability to manage emotions. In two studies, we tested the hypothesis that performance goals for emotion regulation
would be associated with greater use of defensive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms. Results from both
studies showed that individuals with greater performance goals for emotion regulation reported higher levels of rumination
and thought suppression and greater depressive symptoms, while individuals with greater learning goals reported greater use
of cognitive reappraisal. The findings suggest that goals for emotion regulation may help explain individual differences in
use of defensive versus constructive emotion regulation strategies. 相似文献
872.
Considering the phenomenology of flow experience reflects attentional processes, Nakamura and Csikszentmihalyi (Handbook of
positive psychology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002) classified the components of flow experience into proximal conditions and the characteristics of a subjective state while
being in flow. The present study was conducted to clarify the concept of flow through examination of the interrelationships
among the components from a process-related perspective. A total of 1,048 participants completed the Japanese versions of
the Flow State Scale-2 (Kawabata et al. in Psychol Sport Exerc 9:465–485, 2008), and based on their scores, 591 respondents were considered to be in a flow state during their physical activity. A proposed
higher-order confirmatory factor model and a full structural equation model were tested for the flow respondents. The results
of the higher-order model indicated that the 9 flow factors were empirically classified into the flow state and its proximal
condition. Furthermore, the outcomes of the full structural model preliminarily supported the hypothesized sequential relationships
among flow factors. 相似文献
873.
Anton Gollwitzer Gabriele Oettingen Teri A. Kirby Angela L. Duckworth Doris Mayer 《Motivation and emotion》2011,35(4):403-412
Two brief intervention studies tested whether teaching students to mentally contrast a desired future with its present reality
resulted in better academic performance than teaching students to only think about the desired future. German elementary school
children (N = 49; Study 1) and US middle school children (N = 63; Study 2) from low-income neighborhoods who were taught mental contrasting achieved comparatively higher scores in learning
foreign language vocabulary words after 2 weeks or 4 days, respectively. Results have implications for research on the self-regulation
of commitment to solve assigned tasks in classroom settings, and for increasing academic performance in school children in
low-income areas. 相似文献
874.
Emotions can be recognized whether conveyed by facial expressions, linguistic cues (semantics), or prosody (voice tone). However,
few studies have empirically documented the extent to which multi-modal emotion perception differs from uni-modal emotion
perception. Here, we tested whether emotion recognition is more accurate for multi-modal stimuli by presenting stimuli with
different combinations of facial, semantic, and prosodic cues. Participants judged the emotion conveyed by short utterances
in six channel conditions. Results indicated that emotion recognition is significantly better in response to multi-modal versus
uni-modal stimuli. When stimuli contained only one emotional channel, recognition tended to be higher in the visual modality
(i.e., facial expressions, semantic information conveyed by text) than in the auditory modality (prosody), although this pattern
was not uniform across emotion categories. The advantage for multi-modal recognition may reflect the automatic integration
of congruent emotional information across channels which enhances the accessibility of emotion-related knowledge in memory. 相似文献
875.
The present study used ERPs to compare processing of fear-relevant (FR) animals (snakes and spiders) and non-fear-relevant
(NFR) animals similar in appearance (worms and beetles). EEG was recorded from 18 undergraduate participants (10 females)
as they completed two animal-viewing tasks that required simple categorization decisions. Participants were divided on a post
hoc basis into low snake/spider fear and high snake/spider fear groups. Overall, FR animals were rated higher on fear and
elicited a larger LPC. However, individual differences qualified these effects. Participants in the low fear group showed
clear differentiation between FR and NFR animals on subjective ratings of fear and LPC modulation. In contrast, participants
in the high fear group did not show such differentiation between FR and NFR animals. These findings suggest that the salience
of feared-FR animals may generalize on both a behavioural and electro-cortical level to other animals of similar appearance
but of a non-harmful nature. 相似文献
876.
Resource control and status as stimuli for arousing power motivation: An American-Chinese comparison
In this paper, we analyze power motivation from a cross-cultural perspective. Power motivation has been mainly studied within
the Western culture. However, previous research suggests that some contours and nuances of power and power motivation may
be culturally specific. In this article, we analyze cultural differences between American and Chinese students in how power
motivation is aroused. Drawing from the cross-cultural literature, we propose that having decision-making control over resources
increases levels of power motivation among Americans but not Chinese, whereas status-elevation increases power motivation
among both Americans and Chinese. These hypotheses were tested experimentally with resource-control, status-elevation, and
neutral conditions. The first hypothesis was fully supported, but the second one was only partially supported. Levels of power
motivation in the neutral condition (i.e., dispositional power motives) were similar for American and Chinese participants,
but power motivation arousal was greater for Americans than Chinese, in both power arousal conditions. These findings contribute
to our understanding of the power motivation construct in a non-Western context. 相似文献
877.
Lisa Guenther 《Human Studies》2011,34(3):257-276
Psychiatrist Stuart Grassian has proposed the term “SHU syndrome” to name the cluster of cognitive, perceptual and affective
symptoms that commonly arise for inmates held in the Special Housing Units (SHU) of supermax prisons. In this paper, I analyze
the harm of solitary confinement from a phenomenological perspective by drawing on Husserl’s account of the essential relation
between consciousness, the experience of an alter ego and the sense of a real, Objective world. While Husserl’s prioritization
of transcendental subjectivity over transcendental intersubjectivity underestimates the degree to which first-person consciousness
is constitutively intertwined with the embodied consciousness of others, Husserl’s phenomenology nevertheless provides a fruitful
starting-point for a philosophical engagement with the psychiatric research on solitary confinement. 相似文献
878.
Gerd Sebald 《Human Studies》2011,34(4):341-352
Schutz’s references to literature and arts in his theoretical works are manifold. But literature and theory are both a certain kind of a finite province of meaning, that means they are not easily accessible from the paramount reality of everyday life. Now there is another kind of referring to literature: metaphorizing it. Using it, as may be said with Lakoff and Johnson, to understand and to experience one kind of thing in terms of another. Literally metapherein means “to carry over”. Metaphorizing in this view is then a specific kind of border-crossing between different provinces of meaning. That poses two questions: 1. What means finiteness of those provinces of meaning, what kind of border crossings are possible? What is the ground for metaphorizing meaning? 2. Could this concept used for founding a theory of the constitution of the societal and of society, that overcomes the dichotomy of structure/agency? These questions will be answered with one example in view: Schutz’ report to Kaufmann of his first visit of Husserl describing his experience as feeling like Wilhelm Meister at the Society of the Tower. In a first step this metaphor is presented together with some crumbs of metaphor theory. In a second step these crumbs will be connected to Husserl’s concept of experience. After developing a short overview over Schutz’ “finite provinces of meaning,” the relation of experience, metaphors to the intersubjectivity of these provinces in their dependence from writing and printing is discussed. 相似文献
879.
Jill Hargis 《Human Studies》2011,34(4):373-392
This paper argues that the dichotomy between individuals, as bearers of unique and freely chosen identities, and the masses,
as the large numbers of others who are conforming and uncritical, should be understood as a constructed dichotomy. This dichotomy
is both supported and dismantled in the works of Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, and Michel Foucault. Each of these
thinkers reinforced the idea that there exist conforming and threatening masses from which individuals should separate themselves.
And yet by theorizing the limitations and contextual nature of individual identity, they have also provided the foundations
for revealing the dichotomy as illusory as well as problematic for reasoned thought and politics. The significance of this
argument is that the fear of sameness and conformity within modern mass society creates a serious obstacle to broad based
and democratic political engagement among people. 相似文献
880.
Gesa Lindemann 《Human Studies》2011,34(1):93-110
Latour is widely considered a critic and renewer of research in the social sciences. The ecologically minded Left has also
acclaimed him as a theorist interested in bringing nature back both into sociological theory and into society and politics.
To enable a more detailed discussion of Latour’s claims, I will here outline his theory and the ways in which it is related
to classical theory, such as Durkheim, and the methodology of the interpretive paradigm, such as Schütz. My thesis is that
Latour’s empirical studies may be read as unfolding the methodological consequences of the interpretive paradigm, and that
his early work is a brilliant proof of Durkheim’s theory of the morphology of social facts. Latour has now elaborated the
insights he gained from concrete laboratory studies toward a general theory of the social, of society, and of politics. These
generalizations have made his theory at least partly problematic. The political implication of Latour’s theory of society
is a generalization of the call for equality to encompass everything; in other words, Latour criticizes the exclusion of nonhuman
entities from political representation. The paper closes by discussing the political consequences of this proposal. 相似文献