THE CRAZINESS FOR EXTRA‐SENSORY PERCEPTION: QIGONG FEVER AND THE SCIENCE–PSEUDOSCIENCE DEBATE IN CHINA

From 1979 to 1999, a heated dispute over the science or pseudoscience of extraordinary power or extrasensory perception (ESP) took place in China. During these two decades, many so‐called “grandmasters” of ESP and Qigong emerged, and millions of people across the country studied with them; this was known as “Qigong Fever” or “ESP Fever.” The supporters of ESP argued that ESP existed, people could cultivate ESP through specific Qigong training, and ESP was a science; whereas the opponents of ESP denied all of these. Both sides of the dispute had many supporters. With the onset of Qigong Fever in China, some Qigong and ESP masters developed their Qigong organizations into Chinese‐style religions. Qigong Fever ended when the religions were banned by the Chinese government. The rise of Qigong Fever demonstrated that basic questions about the boundaries between science and pseudoscience were not easy to answer. Different theoretical and practical consequences resulted from different answers to these questions.     

人脑加工自我参照任务的时空特点:来自ERP的证据

以自我参照加工任务为范式,实验采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术,探讨了自我参照加工中符合判断和不符合判断加工的时间进程和大脑神经机制。结果发现,自我参照加工在时间上可以概括分为三个阶段:注意分配阶段N1(80~150 ms)波幅出现自我参照结果的差异;语义整合阶段N2(250~450 ms)波幅和潜伏期出现自我参照结果的差异;评价判断阶段P3(450~700 ms)波幅和潜伏期出现自我参照结果的差异。从我们选择的大脑兴趣区激活水平上分析发现,自我信息在大脑中的激活似乎是一个由右及左,由后及前再及后的动态变化过程。研究结果丰富了自我参照加工的已有结果,并且对未来研究具有一定的启示意义。     

Tracing children's vocabulary development from preschool through the school‐age years: an 8‐year longitudinal study

In this 8‐year longitudinal study, we traced the vocabulary growth of Chinese children, explored potential precursors of vocabulary knowledge, and investigated how vocabulary growth predicted future reading skills. Two hundred and sixty‐four (264) native Chinese children from Beijing were measured on a variety of reading and language tasks over 8 years. Between the ages of 4 to 10 years, they were administered tasks of vocabulary and related cognitive skills. At age 11, comprehensive reading skills, including character recognition, reading fluency, and reading comprehension were examined. Individual differences in vocabulary developmental profiles were estimated using the intercept‐slope cluster method. Vocabulary development was then examined in relation to later reading outcomes. Three subgroups of lexical growth were classified, namely high‐high (with a large initial vocabulary size and a fast growth rate), low‐high (with a small initial vocabulary size and a fast growth rate) and low‐low (with a small initial vocabulary size and a slow growth rate) groups. Low‐high and low‐low groups were distinguishable mostly through phonological skills, morphological skills and other reading‐related cognitive skills. Childhood vocabulary development (using intercept and slope) explained subsequent reading skills. Findings suggest that language‐related and reading‐related cognitive skills differ among groups with different developmental trajectories of vocabulary, and the initial size and growth rate of vocabulary may be two predictors for later reading development.     

Electrophysiological difference between the representations of causal judgment and associative judgment in semantic memory

Causally related concepts like “virus” and “epidemic” and general associatively related concepts like “ring” and “emerald” are represented and accessed separately. The Evoked Response Potential (ERP) procedure was used to examine the representations of causal judgment and associative judgment in semantic memory. Participants were required to remember a task cue (causal or associative) presented at the beginning of each trial, and assess whether the relationship between subsequently presented words matched the initial task cue. The ERP data showed that an N400 effect (250–450 ms) was more negative for unrelated words than for all related words. Furthermore, the N400 effect elicited by causal relations was more positive than for associative relations in causal cue condition, whereas no significant difference was found in the associative cue condition. The centrally distributed late ERP component (650–750 ms) elicited by the causal cue condition was more positive than for the associative cue condition. These results suggested that the processing of causal judgment and associative judgment in semantic memory recruited different degrees of attentional and executive resources.     

《毛泽东集》的编辑局限——以第二版第一卷为例

竹内实主持编篡的《毛泽东集》因努力恢复1949年前毛泽东文献原貌,而得到学界的广泛赞誉。但比较该文集第二版第一卷录文与相应初刊本可知,其仍然存在标点、文字和历史语境三方面的编辑局限。标点和文字方面,或者出于编者自身主观判断,或者由于所选底本不精善,最终录文与初刊本有所出入,造成部分历史信息甚至文意的丢失。此外,《毛泽东集》还保留了底本在历史语境的作用下而对文献内容的删改,此即历史语境造成的编辑局限。造成上述局限的主要原因在于底本与初刊本关系的不统一,次要原因则是编辑标准的不一致。这种不统一和不一致最终造成《毛泽东集》录文与毛泽东文献原貌之间存在不统一性,使之未能完美达成竹内实恢复文献原真性的初衷。就此,学界在利用《毛泽东集》时,需要保持警惕和批判性态度。     

共享决策在慢性病治疗中的应用进展——以糖尿病为例

综述了共享决策的来源及特征,共享决策实施的支持方式以及在糖尿病患者中的实施步骤和影响因素。归纳分析了共享决策在糖尿病患者中的应用效果,包括提高患者对疾病的认知、改善患者的风险感知、帮助患者控制血糖、提高患者满意度,改善决策质量。共享决策与传统的诊疗决策不同,不再是医师主导型,主要强调患者的个人偏好和价值观念在医疗决策中的作用。并探讨其存在的不足和未来发展趋向,旨在为我国糖尿病患者共享决策的开展提供理论支撑和方法借鉴。     

5G远程超声诊断：提升医疗质量、安全和可及性

回顾了5G远程超声诊断的技术特点和应用趋势,剖析受检者、医护人员及社会的获益与风险,认为5G 远程超声诊断模式作为远程医疗全新应用,可以成为我国医联体资源共享的重要载体,有望改善医疗资源在基层和偏远地区时空分布不均,满足公共卫生疾病筛查、院前急救和隔离病房超声检查需求,提高医疗质量、安全和可及性。此外,针对衍生出的受检者-本地端-远程端三方权责关系治理挑战,以及未来直接面向消费者的健康管理新模式,提出运用医师多点执业制度、设备备案管理等措施予以规范的建议。