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61.
Mitchell J. Callan Robbie M. Sutton Cristina Dovale 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2010,46(6):1097-1100
In immanent justice reasoning, negative events are attributed to some prior moral failing, even in the absence of a physically plausible causal link between them. Drawing on just-world theory, we examined immanent justice reasoning as an intuitive, deservingness-guided form of causal judgment. Participants were exposed to a story about a man who either did or did not cheat on his wife and who was subsequently injured in a car accident. Under either high or low cognitive load, participants rated the extent to which they believed the accident was the result of the man's prior moral failings. The results showed that participants causally attributed the man's accident to his prior conduct when he was immoral (vs. not immoral) more strongly under high cognitive load. Further, moderated mediation analyses showed that perceived deservingness of the accident mediated the effect of the man's prior immoral behavior on immanent justice attributions more strongly under high cognitive load. These results offer support for the notion that immanent justice attributions reflect an automatic tendency to assume that people get what they deserve. 相似文献
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Stephen Sutton David P. French Susie J. Hennings Jo Mitchell Nicholas J. Wareham Simon Griffin Wendy Hardeman Ann Louise Kinmonth 《Current Psychology》2003,22(3):234-251
The authors of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and its extension, the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) recommend that
researchers who use these theories to investigate the determinants of a given behaviour should first conduct an elicitation
study to identify the modal salient beliefs in the target population. In spite of the importance accorded to salient beliefs
by the TRA/TPB, the elicitation stage has received little research attention. This paper reports a detailed analysis of beliefs
about “being more physically active in the next 12 months.” A general population sample of 213 adults completed a questionnaire
while attending a research centre for a series of tests. The findings showed that the beliefs that were elicited by questions
designed to prompt affective outcomes (like or enjoy, dislike or hate) differed systematically from those that were elicited
by the traditional questions designed to prompt instrumental out-comes (advantages and disadvantages). Whether this resulted
in different final sets of modal salient beliefs was found to depend on the particular decision rule that was employed. An
alternative decision rule is proposed, based on maximizing the degree of overlap between the modal set and the full set of
salient beliefs generated by the sample. The index of overlap can be used to gauge the adequacy of using a modal set of a
given size to represent the salient beliefs of the whole sample. In the current dataset, the optimal modal set for “advantages
and disadvantages” was associated with only 26 percent overlap with the salient beliefs of the whole sample, which was judged
to be insufficient. In such cases, a better strategy may be to ask participants to generate and rate their own beliefs. 相似文献
64.
The religious sector in the United States is distinctive for the degree to which institutional change occurs not through the birth and death of organizations, but through mergers and schisms occurring among preexisting denominations. In this article we analyze mergers among mainstream Protestant denominations, as a means both to deepen our understanding of the dynamics of denominationalism and to broaden the field of discussion about organizational merger. We argue that patterns of merger in any sector are institutionally embedded: in the religious sector, the interaction of ingrained tradition and historical contingency influences the range of possible merger partners, the perceived advantages to merger, and the power of actors that may encourage or discourage merger. We pursue this argument using event-history data from denominations in four Protestant families between 1890 and 1990 to test hypotheses about the determinants of merger. The analysis shows that merger is influenced by denominational identity (family, racial makeup), organizational characteristics (size, centralization, and membership concentration), and the diffuse influence of the ecumenical movement; many of these effects are time dependent, a result of long-term shifts in the roles of denominational elites. 相似文献
65.
Some combinations of hazards yield disease rates greater than would be expected from the risk attributable to each hazard in isolation. However, perceptions are often more consistent with the combined risk being seen as less than the sum of the individual factors, raising concerns over the validity of some measures of risk perception. Here, 249 adults estimated the risk of cardiac events for four hypothetical men, described as having high or low levels of smoking and family history of heart disease. Three distinct measures were used. A 9‐point scale produced a strong sub‐additive interaction, a 101‐point scale produced a weaker sub‐additive interaction, and an unbounded scale produced no interaction. In this study, as in all previous research, scales with relatively few points (here a 9‐point scale) yield sub‐additive interactions. Given the consistency of results yielded by such scales, irrespective of context, it is concluded that these scales are not valid for perceptions of multiple risk factors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
66.
We studied attitudes toward restoring a pastor following a moral failure using an experimental design. Sixty undergraduates (43 women, 17 men) read a narrative in which a pastor admitted to an adulterous affair with a congregant. Following exposure to one of four conditions formed by the two levels of two independent variables, a self-interest condition (pastoral counseling referral) and a group discussion condition, participants provided their forgiveness and restoration to ministry ratings. After adjusting for participant gender, we found a significant main effect for group discussion and the interaction of self-interest and group discussion. We discussed the possible implications for group and self-interest factors when considering pastoral restoration. 相似文献
67.
Nick Sutton 《Religion》1997,27(4):333-341
TheMahābhāratapresents its hearers with the key figure of Yudhisthira, a king who repeatedly refuses to accept that violent opposition is the correct way to respond to the assaults of his aggressive political enemies. Historical evidence reveals that in the third century BCE India was ruled by a renowned emperor who was similarly opposed to the use of violent means to achieve political goals. By highlighting parallels between the text of the epic and the A?okan edicts, this paper suggests that the character of Yudhisthira may have been modeled on the historical A?oka and that the extended debates about the nature of royal dharma contained in the text may reflect ideological controversies arising from A?oka's ideas on kingship. 相似文献
68.
COGNITIVE BIASES AND THE EMOTIONAL DISORDERS 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
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Recent research has documented the intergroup sensitivity effect (ISE) whereby people respond more favorably to internal versus external criticism of their group. The present studies examine the reactions of bystanders who do not belong to the criticized group and whose reactions are therefore more likely to be informed by social conventions than by defensiveness. Studies 1 and 2 presented British participants with criticisms of Australians, manipulating their ostensible source. These British bystanders exhibited the ISE, responding more favorably to the speaker and comments when the critic was Australian rather than non-Australian. These responses were driven by the perceived motives of speakers rather than their level of experience with the group (Study 2). Study 3 provides direct evidence that internal criticism is more conventionally acceptable than is external criticism. 相似文献