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171.
Many studies have established that children tend to exclude objects for which they already have a name as potential referents of novel words. In the current study we asked whether this exclusion can be triggered by social-pragmatic context alone without pre-existing words as blockers. Two-year-old children watched an adult looking at a novel object while saying a novel word with excitement. In one condition the adult had not seen the object beforehand, and so the children interpreted the adult’s utterance as referring to the gazed-at object. In another condition the adult and child had previously played jointly with the gazed-at object. In this case, children less often assumed that the adult was referring to the object but rather they searched for an alternative referent - presumably because they inferred that the gazed-at object was old news in their common ground with the adult and so not worthy of excited labeling. Since this inference based on exclusion is highly similar to that underlying the Principle of Contrast/Mutual Exclusivity, we propose that this principle is not purely lexical but rather is based on children’s understanding of how and why people direct one another’s attention to things either with or without language. 相似文献
172.
Oliver Gruber Tobias Melcher Esther K. Diekhof Susanne Karch Peter Falkai Thomas Goschke 《Brain and cognition》2009,69(3):559-564
Background monitoring is a necessary prerequisite to detect unexpected changes in the environment, while being involved in a primary task. Here, we used fMRI to investigate the neural mechanisms that underlie adaptive goal-directed behavior in a cued task switching paradigm during real response conflict or, more generally, when expectations on the repetitive features of the environment were violated. Unexpected changes in sensory stimulus attributes in the currently unattended stimulus dimension thereby led to activations in a bilateral network comprising inferior lateral frontal, intraparietal, and posterior medial frontal brain regions, independent of whether these attributes elicited a factual response conflict or not. This fronto-parietal network may thus play an important role in adaptive responding to potentially significant events outside the current focus of attention. 相似文献
173.
Harriet J. Huggenberger Susanne E. Suter Ester Reijnen Hartmut Schachinger 《Brain and cognition》2009
Women’s cradling side preference has been related to contralateral hemispheric specialization of processing emotional signals; but not of processing baby’s facial expression. Therefore, 46 nulliparous female volunteers were characterized as left or non-left holders (HG) during a doll holding task. During a signal detection task they were then asked to detect the emotional baby faces in a series of baby portraits with neutral and emotional facial expressions, presented either to the left or the right visual field (VFP). ANOVA revealed a significant HG × VFP interaction on response bias data (p < .05). Response bias was lowest when emotional baby faces were presented in the visual field of cradling side preference, suggesting that women’s cradling side preference may have evolved to save cognitive resources during monitoring emotional baby face signals. 相似文献
174.
175.
176.
A rden , M argaret . (London). 'Freud and Jung'. Free Associations
C arr , C oeli . (U.S.A.). 'Selling the Feminine'. The San Francisco Jung Institute Library Journal
D avies , M iranda . (London). 'Heroic deeds, manic defence, and intrusive identification: some reflections on psychotherapy with a 16-year old boy'. Journal of Child Psychotherapy
F ordham , M ichael . (London). 'The Jung-Klein hybrid'. Free Associations
G iegerich , W olfgang . 'Killings: psychology's Platonism and the missing link to reality'. Spring
J acoby , M ario . (Zollikon, Switzerland). 'The Psychology of self in Jung and Kohut'. Journal of the British Association of Psychotherapists
N eumann , M icha . (Israel). 'The psychology and psychopathology of the second generation of holocaust survivors'. Zeitschrift für Analytische Psychologie
R eis , P atricia . (U.S.A). 'Female gender trouble: pursuing the perverse with Madonna'. The San Francisco Jung Institute Library Jounal
R oose , J eanine A uger . (Los Angeles). 'The Still Point of the Turning World'. In Mad Parts of Sane People in Analysis
S amuels , A. (London). 'Men Under Scrutiny'. Winnicott Studies
S amuels , A. (London). 'The mirror and the hammer: depth psychology and political transformation'. Commentaries by Figlio, K., Shamdasani, S., Mayers, D. and Papadopoulos, R. with a Reply. Free Associations
W yly , J ames . (Chicago). 'Abstract Art and the Unconscious', Quadrant 相似文献
C arr , C oeli . (U.S.A.). 'Selling the Feminine'. The San Francisco Jung Institute Library Journal
D avies , M iranda . (London). 'Heroic deeds, manic defence, and intrusive identification: some reflections on psychotherapy with a 16-year old boy'. Journal of Child Psychotherapy
F ordham , M ichael . (London). 'The Jung-Klein hybrid'. Free Associations
G iegerich , W olfgang . 'Killings: psychology's Platonism and the missing link to reality'. Spring
J acoby , M ario . (Zollikon, Switzerland). 'The Psychology of self in Jung and Kohut'. Journal of the British Association of Psychotherapists
N eumann , M icha . (Israel). 'The psychology and psychopathology of the second generation of holocaust survivors'. Zeitschrift für Analytische Psychologie
R eis , P atricia . (U.S.A). 'Female gender trouble: pursuing the perverse with Madonna'. The San Francisco Jung Institute Library Jounal
R oose , J eanine A uger . (Los Angeles). 'The Still Point of the Turning World'. In Mad Parts of Sane People in Analysis
S amuels , A. (London). 'Men Under Scrutiny'. Winnicott Studies
S amuels , A. (London). 'The mirror and the hammer: depth psychology and political transformation'. Commentaries by Figlio, K., Shamdasani, S., Mayers, D. and Papadopoulos, R. with a Reply. Free Associations
W yly , J ames . (Chicago). 'Abstract Art and the Unconscious', Quadrant 相似文献
177.
Jennifer B. Unger Michele D. Kipke Thomas R. Simon Susanne B. Montgomery Christine J. Johnson 《American journal of community psychology》1997,25(3):371-394
Although understanding of the subsistence patterns, service utilization, and HIV-risk behaviors of homeless youths and young adults is increasing, relatively little is known about the epidemiology of mental health problems in this group or the relationships between mental health problems and substance use. This study measured symptoms of depression, low self-esteem, ADHD, suicidality, self-injurious behavior (SIB), and drug and alcohol use disorder in a sample of homeless youth and young adults living in Hollywood, CA. Results indicated extremely high prevalences of mental health problems, as compared with corresponding rates of mental health problems found among housed youths in previous studies. Prevalence of mental health problems differed by age and ethnicity. African Americans were at lower risk of suicidal thoughts and SIB than were those of other ethnicities. Older respondents and females were at increased risk of depressive symptoms, and younger respondents were at increased risk of SIB. Previous history of sexual abuse and/or assault was associated with increased risk of suicidality and SIB. Risk factors for drug abuse disorder included ethnicity other than African American, homelessness for 1 year or more, suicidality, SIB, depressive symptoms, and low self-esteem. Risk factors for alcohol abuse disorder included male gender, white ethnicity, homelessness for 1 year or more, suicidality, and SIB. Extremely high rates of mental health problems and substance abuse disorders in this sample suggest the need for street-based and nontraditional mental health services targeted toward these youths and young adults. 相似文献
178.
Blind people can learn to understand speech at ultra-high syllable rates (ca. 20 syllables/s), a capability associated with hemodynamic activation of the central-visual system. To further elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying this skill, magnetoencephalographic (MEG) measurements during listening to sentence utterances were cross-correlated with time courses derived from the speech signal (envelope, syllable onsets and pitch periodicity) to capture phase-locked MEG components (14 blind, 12 sighted subjects; speech rate = 8 or 16 syllables/s, pre-defined source regions: auditory and visual cortex, inferior frontal gyrus). Blind individuals showed stronger phase locking in auditory cortex than sighted controls, and right-hemisphere visual cortex activity correlated with syllable onsets in case of ultra-fast speech. Furthermore, inferior-frontal MEG components time-locked to pitch periodicity displayed opposite lateralization effects in sighted (towards right hemisphere) and blind subjects (left). Thus, ultra-fast speech comprehension in blind individuals appears associated with changes in early signal-related processing mechanisms both within and outside the central-auditory terrain. 相似文献
179.
Valentijn SA Hill RD Van Hooren SA Bosma H Van Boxtel MP Jolles J Ponds RW 《Psychology and aging》2006,21(1):165-172
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between memory self-efficacy (MSE) and a 6-year follow-up assessment of memory functioning in a sample of Dutch older adults. MSE was assessed by a Dutch abridged version of the Metamemory in Adulthood questionnaire (MIA; R. A. Dixon, D. F. Hultsch, & C. Hertzog, 1988; C. Hertzog, D. F. Hultsch, & R. A. Dixon, 1989; R. W. H. M. Ponds & J. Jolles, 1996). The total MSE score predicted memory performance at 6 years, as measured by the Visual Verbal Learning Task (VVLT; N. Brand & J. Jolles, 1985). A separate analysis of the different MSE subscales indicated that the MIA Change score was the most salient domain-specific MSE predictor of subsequent memory performance after 6 years. An extreme groups analysis of the MIA Change score revealed a pattern of performance for those who perceived that their memory was worsening, performing less well on the 3 trials of the VVLT when these were readministered at the 6-year follow-up. 相似文献
180.
Lange KW Mecklinger L Walitza S Becker G Gerlach M Naumann M Tucha O 《Human movement science》2006,25(4-5):492-509
Three experiments were performed in an attempt to achieve a better understanding of the effect of dopamine on handwriting. In the first experiment, kinematic aspects of handwriting movements were compared between healthy participants and patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) on their usual dopaminergic treatment and following withdrawal of dopaminergic medication. In the second experiment, the writing performance of healthy participants with a hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra as detected by transcranial sonography (TCS) was compared with the performance of healthy participants with low echogenicity of the substantia nigra. The third experiment examined the effect of central dopamine reduction on kinematic aspects of handwriting movements in healthy adults using acute phenylalanine and tyrosine depletion (APTD). A digitising tablet was used for the assessment of handwriting movements. Participants were asked to perform a simple writing task. Movement time, distance, velocity, acceleration and measures of fluency of handwriting movements were measured. The kinematic analysis of handwriting movements revealed that alterations of central dopaminergic neurotransmission adversely affect movement execution during handwriting. In comparison to the automatic processing of handwriting movements displayed by control participants, participants with an altered dopaminergic neurotransmission shifted from an automatic to a controlled processing of movement execution. Central dopamine appears to be of particular importance with regard to the automatic execution of well-learned movements. 相似文献