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81.
Extensive controversy over the appropriate application of expert knowledge regarding issues of eyewitness accuracy led to a conference and a special issue of taw and Human Behavior in 1986. Arguments were presented both in support of and against the eyewitness researcher as expert testifier. The current research explored the views of the general public (N = 50), defense attorneys (N = 14), and prosecutors (N = 10) with regard to the use of eyewitness expertise in each of four roles (court-appointed expert, consultant, researcher, expert tesdfier for the defense). Extensive differences of opinion were found across both samples and expert roles. In general, prosecutors held significantly more negative views of the usefulness of expert witnesses for the defense than did the public or defense attorneys. The role of court-appointed expert was viewed positively by all three groups and may present a useful alternative to the battles of experts that may result from current practices. 相似文献
82.
In their recent contribution to the Journal of Family Therapy , Frosh et al . apply discourse analytic methods to the study of 'process' in family therapy. While we welcome this contribution, we suggest that the authors' reading of the data has been affected by a number of fundamental presuppositions, which have led them to neglect the skilful rhetorical work taking place in the session. In this paper, we have undertaken an alternative analysis of the data, examining its rhetorical features and suspending judgement on the efficacy of the therapeutic project and on the truth status of statements made by participants in the session. While acknowledging that our microanalytic method has some shortcomings, we contend that attention to the situated and strategic nature of 'therapy talk' has exposed the primacy of notions of responsibility and blame in family work, and has shown how these issues are artfully negotiated by therapist and family in the cut and thrust of the therapeutic interview. 相似文献
83.
84.
Schneider Barbara Swanson Christopher B. Riegle-Crumb Catherine 《Social Psychology of Education》1997,2(1):25-53
Course sequences are strands of courses in particular content areas that span a student's educational career. Courses that are differentiated and sequentially organized, such as mathematics and science course sequences, create opportunities for positional advantages in a school's curricular structure. When students make a nonroutine change of schools – that is, transferring to a school outside of the regular attendance zone – they are at risk of changing their positional advantage. Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988–94 (NELS:88–94), we examine the educational outcomes of sequences and explore curricular dislocations within the context of school choice. We find that the strongest predictors of 12th-grade mathematics and science course sequences are a student's course sequences at 10th grade. With regard to outcomes, students in higher mathematics and science sequences show greater achievement gains. Furthermore, students in higher mathematics sequences are less likely to have behavior problems and are more likely to graduate from high school and attend college. Students who make a nonroutine change of schools are more likely to be in lower course sequences than students who do not transfer. Thus, course sequences in mathematics and science are tangible experiences with real consequences for students' lives during and beyond high school and are sensitive to transitions which disrupt the continuity of students' high school careers. 相似文献
85.
The Revd. Professor Leslie J. Francis The Revd. Susan H. Jones 《Pastoral Psychology》1997,45(6):421-428
A sample of 368 committed Christian adults completed the Index of Charismatic Experience together with the short form Revised
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The data demonstrate that, according to the
MBTI typology, Christians who prefer “thinking” are likely to score higher on the Index of Charismatic Experience than Christians
who prefer “feeling”. According to the Eysenckian dimensional model of personality, the charismatic experience is associated
with stable extraversion. 相似文献
86.
An alternative perspective to the clinical model of codependency is that codependency is contextual and reflects inequality
within a relationship. This study examined whether the evaluation of codependent behavior depends on the context of the relationship,
i.e., the reciprocity of the person’s partner, and the gender of the stimulus person (SP). College students (N=302, 46% non-Caucasian) read one of six scenarios in which the codependent SP’s behavior was held constant but the reciprocity
of the partner and the gender of the SP were varied. The stimulus person and her/his relationship were rated significantly
more healthy in the reciprocal condition than in the nonreciprocal or control conditions, but a better partner in the nonreciprocal
condition. Codependent female SPs were judged less healthy but better partners than codependent male SPs. Judgments of codependent
behavior and persons are contextual in nature, may reflect inequality within relationships, and to some extent, depend upon
the gender of the codependent person. 相似文献
87.
In this investigation, the balance of power between men and women in romantic relationships was examined with a sample of 101 heterosexual couples, some of whom were surveyed up to jive times over a four-year period. A majority of the participants (who were primarily Caucasian and middle class) reported some imbalance in power in their relationship (53% of the men and 52% of the women on a global measure of power; 67% of the men and 65% of the women on a measure of decision making). The longitudinal data indicated that perceptions of power were quite stable over time. When power imbalances in relationships occurred, the male partner was more likely than the female to be seen as the power holder, although these differences were statistically significant only for men (full sample). In support of W. Waller's principle of least interest [(1937) The Family: A Dynamic Interpretation, New York: Gordon], being the less emotionally involved partner in the relationship was associated with greater power. We further found that men were more likely than women to perceive themselves as the less emotionally invested partner. Perceptions of power balance were generally unrelated to either relationship satisfaction or to the likelihood that the couple broke up over time. In one exception, men who perceived their relationship to be equal in power (but not decision making) reported the highest level of satisfaction. We conclude that the balance of power still often favors men in these romantic couples (especially in decision making), although couples do not always agree on their perceptions, with male partners tending to see more male dominance than females. 相似文献
88.
The relationship of locus of control to depression, anxiety, hostility, and physical health was assessed in a sample of multicultural
college students (N = 162). Powerful Others Health Locus of Control was correlated with depression, anxiety, hostility, and
recent physical symptoms while Chance Health Locus of Control (CHLC) was correlated with all of the above as well as chronic
physical symptoms and major health problems. When controlling for a variety of health risk factors (viz., age, sex, body mass,
exercise, smoking, salt, alcohol, and caffeine), only CHLC remained significant in the physical health models. Results support
the cognitive model of mental health which emphasize the importance of adaptive beliefs. Specifically, they suggest that issues
about control are related to negative affect and indicate that the often-cited relationship of an external locus of control
to depression and anxiety also holds for hostility. The findings do not, however, support the view that anxiety and depression
are associated with different types of external locus of control but rather suggest a unified set of locus of control beliefs
underlying the three types of negative affect. In addition, evidence is provided for the external validity of the Multidimensional
Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scales with respect to mental health. Further, the results indicate that belief about one’s
health may play a significant role in one’s physical health and that the health behavior model of the relationship between
locus of control and physical health is insufficient to explain the relationship. As the Chance and Powerful Others MHLC scales
were not related to health habits in this sample but were related to mental health (viz., depression, anxiety, and hostility),
locus of control beliefs may be related to physical health via their relationship with mental health. 相似文献
89.
This study represents an extrapolation to the practical realm of a theoretical model that has been supported thus far only by laboratory studies. The model regards the rejection of help by people in need as being stressful for caregivers partly because it violates their expectations of acceptance and threatens their self-image as competent caregivers. It was hypothesized that high levels of perceived rejection by patients and others at work would contribute to burnout in medical caregivers. It was also predicted that high levels of stress preparation in caregivers' training with regard to job expectancies and patient (non)compliance would lessen burnout and buffer the effects of spurning. Responses to a questionnaire by a sample of physicians and hospital nurses revealed a direct association of perceived spurning, as well as an inverse association of stress preparation with burnout, and gave some indication of buffering, as hypothesized. Expressions of violated expectancies and of job disillusionment were directly associated with burnout and inversely associated with stress preparation. Informal job expectancy shaped by coworkers was found to be directly associated with burnout in physicians, but it was inversely associated with burn out in nurses. The implications of these findings are considered 相似文献
90.
The present study sought to determine the role that knowledge of abortion information and various demographic variables play in discriminating between those who approve and those who disapprove of abortion. Four hundred and fifty-four college students completed the Abortion Knowledge Test, constructed by the researchers, as well as an abortion attitudes questionnaire which asked subjects to indicate their degree of approval or disapproval of abortion in the case of 7 different scenarios. Attitudes toward abortion were significantly predicted by knowledge of abortion-related information above and beyond the significant influence of degree of religiosity, religion, and age. No significant gender differences were found. Respondents who indicated approval of abortion scored significantly higher on the Abortion Knowledge Test and tended to be older, less religious, and non-Catholic compared to those who disapproved of abortion. 相似文献