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251.
252.
Teaching moral reasoning through gesture 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stem‐cell research. Euthanasia. Personhood. Marriage equality. School shootings. Gun control. Death penalty. Ethical dilemmas regularly spark fierce debate about the underlying moral fabric of societies. How do we prepare today's children to be fully informed and thoughtful citizens, capable of moral and ethical decisions? Current approaches to moral education are controversial, requiring adults to serve as either direct (‘top‐down’) or indirect (‘bottom‐up’) conduits of information about morality. A common thread weaving throughout these two educational initiatives is the ability to take multiple perspectives – increases in perspective taking ability have been found to precede advances in moral reasoning. We propose gesture as a behavior uniquely situated to augment perspective taking ability. Requiring gesture during spatial tasks has been shown to catalyze the production of more sophisticated problem‐solving strategies, allowing children to profit from instruction. Our data demonstrate that requiring gesture during moral reasoning tasks has similar effects, resulting in increased perspective taking ability subsequent to instruction. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v/gAcRIClU_GY 相似文献
253.
This research tested and extended a laboratory-derived model of the origins of attitude certainty using a real attitude object: Teaching children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In Study 1, an experiment manipulated the amount of information, thought, and consistency of information delivered to pre-service teachers ( $n = 224$ ) with no prior experience with ADHD. Structural equation modelling (SEM) of Study 1 did not support the original model, in which relationships between attitude certainty and objective knowledge, thought, and consistency were mediated by perceived knowledge, thought, and ambivalence. Instead, objective amount of information, thought, and consistency interacted in their effect on attitude certainty. Study 2 ( $n = 368$ ) used a survey to test whether experiences with ADHD (personal, direct and indirect) among in-service and pre-service teachers were antecedents of attitude certainty, and to test perceived accessibility as a mediator. SEM supported both these hypotheses. Perceived accessibility and perceived knowledge mediated the relationship between attitude certainty and prior experiences with ADHD, and between attitude certainty and objective knowledge. Together, the results suggest that psychological processes underlying strong attitude certainty differ according to the familiarity and personal relevance of the attitude object, and the context and stage of attitude formation. The results have practical utility for teacher training at pre-service and in-service levels. 相似文献
254.
Caitlin E. V. Mahy Nora Vetter Nina Kühn-Popp Carolin Löcher Susan Krautschuk Matthias Kliegel 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2014,21(2):129-145
The primary aim of this study was to examine the impact of an inhibition manipulation on the effect of age on theory of mind (ToM) in an ecologically valid, affective ToM task. Participants were 30 young and 30 old adults. The Cambridge Mindreading Face-Voice Battery was used to measure ToM; in addition, measures of fluid and crystallized intelligence were taken. Participants were subjected to three levels of inhibitory demand during ToM reasoning: emotional inhibition, non-emotional inhibition, and no inhibition. Old adults performed worse than young adults. The emotional and non-emotional inhibition conditions resulted in worse ToM performance compared to the no inhibition condition. There were no differences in the impact of the inhibition conditions on old and young adults. Regression analyses suggested that old adults’ crystallized intelligence was a significant predictor of ToM performance, whereas it did not predict young adults’ ToM performance. Results are discussed in terms of verbal ability as a possible compensatory mechanism in coping with verbal inhibitory load in ToM reasoning. 相似文献
255.
Lydia M. Hopper Susan P. Lambeth Steven J. Schapiro Sarah F. Brosnan 《Animal cognition》2014,17(6):1303-1311
Why do chimpanzees react when their partner gets a better deal than them? Do they note the inequity or do their responses reflect frustration in response to unattainable rewards? To tease apart inequity and contrast, we tested chimpanzees in a series of conditions that created loss through individual contrast, through inequity, or by both. Chimpanzees were tested in four social and two individual conditions in which they received food rewards in return for exchanging tokens with an experimenter. In conditions designed to create individual contrast, after completing an exchange, the chimpanzees were given a relatively less-preferred reward than the one they were previously shown. The chimpanzees’ willingness to accept the less-preferred rewards was independent of previously offered foods in both the social and individual conditions. In conditions that created frustration through inequity, subjects were given a less-preferred reward than the one received by their partner, but not in relation to the reward they were previously offered. In a social context, females were more likely to refuse to participate when they received a less-preferred reward than their partner (disadvantageous inequity), than when they received a more-preferred reward (advantageous inequity). Specifically, the females’ refusals were typified by refusals to exchange tokens rather than refusals to accept food rewards. Males showed no difference in their responses to inequity or individual contrast. These results support previous evidence that some chimpanzees’ responses to inequity are mediated more strongly by what others receive than by frustration effects. 相似文献
256.
Trompeter Nora Bussey Kay Forbes Miriam K. Hay Phillipa Goldstein Mandy Thornton Christopher Basten Christopher Heruc Gabriella Roberts Marion Byrne Susan Griffiths Scott Lonergan Alexandra Mitchison Deborah 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2022,50(5):683-694
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology - Emotion dysregulation has been posited as a key transdiagnostic factor of mental health difficulties, including eating disorders. However, how... 相似文献
257.
Lind Majse Mroz Emily Sharma Shubam Lee Daniel Bluck Susan 《Journal of Adult Development》2022,29(2):108-120
Journal of Adult Development - Classic lifespan developmental theory describes emerging adulthood and the transition to adulthood as important periods for thinking about one’s future life... 相似文献
258.
Koh Jinyoung Farruggia Susan P. Back Lindsey T. Han Cheon-woo 《Social Psychology of Education》2022,25(5):1071-1092
Social Psychology of Education - This study examines whether self-efficacy predicted academic success (via self-regulation) for first-generation and continuing-generation college students (Model 1)... 相似文献
259.
Dana H. Z. Robinson Susan M. Gerbensky Klammer Jennie P. Perryman Nancy J. Thompson Kimberly R. Jacob Arriola 《Journal of religion and health》2014,53(6):1857-1872
African Americans are overrepresented on the organ transplant waiting list and underrepresented among organ and tissue donors. One of the most highly noted reasons for lack of donation is the perception that donation is contrary to religious beliefs. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to explore the complexities of religion (beliefs, religiosity, and religious involvement) and its association with willingness to donate and the written expression of donation intentions. Findings from a sample of 505 African American participants suggest that religion is a multidimensional construct and results differ depending on how the construct is measured and operationalized. 相似文献
260.
Susan C. Negley 《Psychological Perspectives》2014,57(4):384-402
This article is a study of the individuation process expressed in the metaphors of cooking, food, and feasting. The psyche speaks in the language of symbol and myth, and through our enterprise, the language that we give it. The personal story of an education in the culinary arts reveals the analogy between cooking, alchemy, and psychological processes. Fundamentally, this is the transformation of basic ingredients into refined substances. In psychological terms, this process represents the development of the personality. In clinical practice, the basic ingredients are discussed using the imagery of the kitchen, its tools, methods, and environment.Five dreams are amplified to illustrate significant transitions and experiences that become part of a personal mythology. These archetypal dreams reveal, through the ordinary and mundane imagery of the kitchen and cooking, not only the possibility for healing but glimpses of spiritual truth.Understanding the psyche through the processes of cooking heals the mind–body split that is the primary wound of modern life. Food, often understood as a symbolic link between human and god, is the medium for incarnation; god becomes flesh through the act of eating and incorporation. We become what we eat. This point is illustrated in a final dream about Jung, in which the operations of the kitchen are performed on the dreamer. 相似文献