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831.
The possibility of anisotropies in visual space in and near the final location of a moving target was examined. Experiments 1 and 2 presented a moving target, and after the target vanished, participants indicated the final location of the leading or trailing edge of the target. Memory for both edges was displaced forward from the actual final locations, and the magnitude of displacement was smaller for the leading edge. Experiments 3 and 4 also presented stationary objects in front of and behind the final location of the target, and participants indicated the location of the nearest or farthest edge of one of the stationary objects. Memory for the near or far edge of an object in front of the target was displaced backward, and memory for the near or far edge of an object behind the target was displaced forward; the magnitude of displacement was larger for objects in front of the target and when the edge was farther away. The findings (a) suggest representational momentum is associated with an anisotropy of visual space that extends across and outward from the moving target and (b) are consistent with previous findings regarding estimation of time-to-contact, anorthoscopic perception, and memory psychophysics. 相似文献
832.
Stigmatization is often listed as one of the adverse consequences of parental incarceration; yet, there is very little research
on this phenomenon. We address this knowledge deficit by providing a conceptual model of stigmatization and describing how
it may apply to children with parents in jail or prison. This model helps to explain why families conceal the fact that a
child’s parent is incarcerated; the potentially protective function of social withdrawal; possible links between stigmatization
and childhood emotional and behavioral problems; how fear of stigmatization may impede help seeking; and the possibility for
research and advocacy to contribute to the stigmatization of children who experience parental incarceration. It also helps
to define specific aspects of stigmatization requiring further study. 相似文献
833.
Gerkensmeyer JE Perkins SM Day J Austin JK Scott EL Wu J 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(5):685-695
As primary caregivers of children with mental health problems, mothers face challenges that put them at risk for depression,
which is rarely identified or addressed. The aims of this paper were to (a) identify mean differences among demographic, stressor,
threat, and resource variables specified in a theoretical model and thought to be associated with maternal depressive symptoms
and (b) determine how much variability in depressive symptoms is explained by these variables. High levels and prevalence
of depressive symptoms were found within a quality of life study that these data were drawn from. Of 139 mothers participating
in this study, 58% had a score of 16 or greater on the CES-D indicating moderate to high levels of depressive symptoms. Significant
differences were found between mothers with higher versus lower levels of depressive symptoms for 11 of the 18 variables.
Hierarchical regression was used to examine the variance explained in depressive symptoms based upon the conceptual model
with 4 composite variables. Income (step 1), behavioral problems (step 2), threat appraisal (step 3), and resource appraisal
(step 4) combined explained 42% of the variance. 相似文献
834.
Jonathan A. Smith Caroline Dancyger Melissa Wallace Chris Jacobs Susan Michie 《Journal of genetic counseling》2011,20(1):23-34
It is important to study communication processes in families where members are undergoing testing for genetic conditions because
the information received from such testing is crucial not just to the individual concerned but also to other members of the
biological family. This topic has received little research attention, in part because of the complexities of methodology required.
In this paper we present the development of a method specifically designed for the examination of the content and process
of communication of genetic information in families. The method aims to maximize ecological validity as far as is possible.
We describe how participants and other family members are recruited and how data were collected. We outline three main data
analytic strategies: a graphic to show how genetic information changes as it flows from clinic and through the family, an
intensive qualitative analysis of the meaning and impact of the genetic information to different family members, and an informative
genogram which plots key family dynamics. This method will be illustrated in relation to a study of ten family-groups where
one individual has been found to carry a genetic mutation predisposing them to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. 相似文献
835.
Joslyn S Savelli S Nadav-Greenberg L 《Journal of experimental psychology. Applied》2011,17(4):342-353
Many weather forecast providers believe that forecast uncertainty in the form of the worst-case scenario would be useful for general public end users. We tested this suggestion in 4 studies using realistic weather-related decision tasks involving high winds and low temperatures. College undergraduates, given the statistical equivalent of the worst-case scenario (1 boundary of the 80% predictive interval), demonstrated biased understanding of future weather conditions compared with those given both bounds or no uncertainty information. We argue that this was due to an anchoring effect on numeric estimates, which were closer to the worst-case scenario than was warranted and increased linearly as the anchor became more extreme. In many situations tested here, anchoring in numeric estimates also extended to subsequent binary decisions, leading participants with the worst-case scenario to take action more often than did other participants. These results suggest that worst-case scenario forecasts can mislead the user. They appear to convince people that wind speeds will be higher and temperatures will be lower than what are indicated by the forecast. In addition, participants systematically "corrected" the forecast they were given. This effect was most prominent in the condition in which no uncertainty was provided, suggesting that people feel compelled to take uncertainty into account, even when it is not acknowledged by the forecast. Both the anchoring and correction biases were least evident when both bounds were provided, suggesting that balanced uncertainty leads to the best understanding of future weather conditions. 相似文献
836.
Date rape risk communication is a key component of education-based Date Rape Prevention Programs, common across colleges. In such programs, risk assessment in date rape is approached cautiously in order to avoid a tone of "victim blaming." Since it is important in the assessment of any risk to understand the surrounding social context of the risky situation and the individual's unique relationship with that social context, this study examines Protection Motivation Theory as it applies to handling the risk of date rape without victim blaming. The paper links individual personality and social contexts with risk communication. The study sample comprised 367 undergraduate women enrolled in a large Southern Public University. The study examines the relationships between dating activity, social competency, and type of information provided with the dependents variables of date rape related protection behavior (intent), belief, and knowledge. A factorial multiple analysis of covariance analysis found that the dependent variables had a significant relationship with aspects of social competency and dating activity. The exposure to varying information about date rape was not significantly related to the dependent variables of date rape-related protection behavior (intent), belief, and knowledge. The identification of social competency and dating activity status as protective factors in this study makes a significant contribution to the practice and research efforts in date rape education. 相似文献
837.
Basen-Engquist K Carmack CL Perkins H Hughes D Serice S Scruggs S Pinto B Waters A 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2011,12(1):27-35
Physical activity has been shown to benefit cancer survivors' physical functioning, emotional well-being, and symptoms. Physical activity may be of particular benefit to survivors of endometrial cancer because they are more likely to be obese and sedentary than the general population, as these are risk factors for the disease, and thus experience a number of related co-morbid health problems. However, there is little research systematically studying mechanisms of physical activity adherence in cancer survivor populations. This paper describes the design of the Steps to Health study, which applies a Social Cognitive Theory-based model of endometrial cancer survivors' adoption and maintenance of exercise in the context of an intervention to increase walking or other moderate intensity cardiovascular activity. In Steps to Health we will test the influence of self-efficacy and outcome expectations on adherence to exercise recommendations, as well as studying the determinants of self-efficacy. Endometrial cancer survivors who are at least 6 months post-treatment are provided with an intervention involving print materials and telephone counseling, and complete assessments of fitness, activity, self-efficacy and outcome expectations, and determinants of self-efficacy every two months for a six month period. In addition to testing an innovative model, the Steps to Health study employs multiple assessment methods, including ecological momentary assessment, implicit tests of cognitive variables, and ambulatory monitoring of physical activity. The study results can be used to develop more effective interventions for increasing physical activity in sedentary cancer survivors by taking into account the full complement of sources of self-efficacy information and outcome expectations. 相似文献
838.
Michael Sinclair Susan McPherson Robert Bor Lisa Orban 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2011,11(3):228-236
Background: Increasing numbers of HIV‐infected gay men acquire hepatitis C virus (HCV) co‐infection, which causes serious medical consequences. Treatment for HCV is associated with many severe side effects, in some cases psychological, and many patients subsequently fail to adhere, even when psychological services are utilised, to improve treatment adherence. Objective: This qualitative study aimed to explore the experiences of HIV‐infected gay men undergoing treatment for HCV in order to inform psychological services to better meet specific treatment needs of this population. Methods: Thirteen HIV‐infected gay men who had undergone HCV treatment were interviewed and a qualitative analysis was conducted. Participants described HCV and its treatments in the context of their relationships and lifestyles. Findings: Four domains emerged: HCV diagnosis and treatment; HCV treatment education; change in sense of self; and sexual risk‐taking. Adhering to treatment was a significant challenge for all participants and emerged across all domains. Discussion: Psychological services for this population of co‐infected gay men should assist this clinical population not only with adherence to hepatitis C treatment but should also be available at an earlier stage in the process to help patients make informed choices about whether or not to begin a course of treatment. Assessing factors such as coping strategies, treatment readiness and knowledge, self‐awareness, and level of risk‐taking, can guide clinicians in tailoring treatment and adherence planning for HIV/HCV‐co‐infected gay men. 相似文献
839.
Piderman KM Lapid MI Stevens SR Ryan SM Somers KJ Kronberg MT Clark MM Rummans TA 《The journal of pastoral care & counseling : JPCC》2011,65(1-2):3:1-311
This study's aims were to describe the spirituality of depressed elderly psychiatric inpatients and to examine associations among spirituality, depression, and quality of life (QOL). Forty-five persons participated. Most reported frequent, stable spiritual practices and experiencing spiritual comfort and guidance. Some reported spiritual distress and changes in spirituality. During hospitalization, participants demonstrated increased spiritual well-being (SWB) and peacefulness, and reduced hopelessness, worthlessness, and guilt. Positive associations were found between SWB and QOL and negative associations between SWB and depression. 相似文献
840.
Susan Haag 《Cognitive processing》2011,12(1):33-39
Most research on object recognition and categorization centers on vision. However, these phenomena are likely influenced by
the commonly used modality of touch. The present study tested this notion by having participants explore three-dimensional
objects using vision and haptics in naming and sorting tasks. Results showed greater difficulty naming (recognizing) and sorting
(categorizing) objects haptically. For both conditions, error increased from the concrete attribute of size to the more abstract
quality of predation, providing behavioral evidence for shared object representation in vision and haptics. 相似文献