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831.
Elizabeth A. Gunderson Daeun Park Erin A. Maloney Sian L. Beilock Susan C. Levine 《Journal of cognition and development》2018,19(1):21-46
School-entry math achievement is a strong predictor of math achievement through high school. We asked whether reciprocal relations among math achievement, math anxiety, and entity motivational frameworks (believing that ability is fixed and a focus on performance) can help explain these persistent individual differences. We assessed 1st and 2nd graders’ (N = 634) math achievement, motivational frameworks, and math anxiety 2 times, 6 months apart. Cross-lagged path analyses showed reciprocal relations between math anxiety and math achievement and between motivational frameworks and math achievement. Entity motivational frameworks predicted higher math anxiety. High math achievement was a particularly strong predictor of lower math anxiety and less entity-oriented motivational frameworks. We concluded that reciprocal effects are already present in the first 2 years of formal schooling, with math achievement and attitudes feeding off one another to produce either a vicious or virtuous cycle. Improving both math performance and math attitudes may set children onto a long-lasting, positive trajectory in math. 相似文献
832.
Adults need to be able to process infants’ emotional expressions accurately to respond appropriately and care for infants. However, research on processing of the emotional expressions of infant faces is hampered by the lack of validated stimuli. Although many sets of photographs of adult faces are available to researchers, there are no corresponding sets of photographs of infant faces. We therefore developed and validated a database of infant faces, which is available via e-mail request. Parents were recruited via social media and asked to send photographs of their infant (0–12 months of age) showing positive, negative, and neutral facial expressions. A total of 195 infant faces were obtained and validated. To validate the images, student midwives and nurses (n = 53) and members of the general public (n = 18) rated each image with respect to its facial expression, intensity of expression, clarity of expression, genuineness of expression, and valence. On the basis of these ratings, a total of 154 images with rating agreements of at least 75% were included in the final database. These comprise 60 photographs of positive infant faces, 54 photographs of negative infant faces, and 40 photographs of neutral infant faces. The images have high criterion validity and good test–retest reliability. This database is therefore a useful and valid tool for researchers. 相似文献
833.
The possibility of anisotropies in visual space in and near the final location of a moving target was examined. Experiments 1 and 2 presented a moving target, and after the target vanished, participants indicated the final location of the leading or trailing edge of the target. Memory for both edges was displaced forward from the actual final locations, and the magnitude of displacement was smaller for the leading edge. Experiments 3 and 4 also presented stationary objects in front of and behind the final location of the target, and participants indicated the location of the nearest or farthest edge of one of the stationary objects. Memory for the near or far edge of an object in front of the target was displaced backward, and memory for the near or far edge of an object behind the target was displaced forward; the magnitude of displacement was larger for objects in front of the target and when the edge was farther away. The findings (a) suggest representational momentum is associated with an anisotropy of visual space that extends across and outward from the moving target and (b) are consistent with previous findings regarding estimation of time-to-contact, anorthoscopic perception, and memory psychophysics. 相似文献
834.
Stigmatization is often listed as one of the adverse consequences of parental incarceration; yet, there is very little research
on this phenomenon. We address this knowledge deficit by providing a conceptual model of stigmatization and describing how
it may apply to children with parents in jail or prison. This model helps to explain why families conceal the fact that a
child’s parent is incarcerated; the potentially protective function of social withdrawal; possible links between stigmatization
and childhood emotional and behavioral problems; how fear of stigmatization may impede help seeking; and the possibility for
research and advocacy to contribute to the stigmatization of children who experience parental incarceration. It also helps
to define specific aspects of stigmatization requiring further study. 相似文献
835.
Gerkensmeyer JE Perkins SM Day J Austin JK Scott EL Wu J 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(5):685-695
As primary caregivers of children with mental health problems, mothers face challenges that put them at risk for depression,
which is rarely identified or addressed. The aims of this paper were to (a) identify mean differences among demographic, stressor,
threat, and resource variables specified in a theoretical model and thought to be associated with maternal depressive symptoms
and (b) determine how much variability in depressive symptoms is explained by these variables. High levels and prevalence
of depressive symptoms were found within a quality of life study that these data were drawn from. Of 139 mothers participating
in this study, 58% had a score of 16 or greater on the CES-D indicating moderate to high levels of depressive symptoms. Significant
differences were found between mothers with higher versus lower levels of depressive symptoms for 11 of the 18 variables.
Hierarchical regression was used to examine the variance explained in depressive symptoms based upon the conceptual model
with 4 composite variables. Income (step 1), behavioral problems (step 2), threat appraisal (step 3), and resource appraisal
(step 4) combined explained 42% of the variance. 相似文献
836.
Jonathan A. Smith Caroline Dancyger Melissa Wallace Chris Jacobs Susan Michie 《Journal of genetic counseling》2011,20(1):23-34
It is important to study communication processes in families where members are undergoing testing for genetic conditions because
the information received from such testing is crucial not just to the individual concerned but also to other members of the
biological family. This topic has received little research attention, in part because of the complexities of methodology required.
In this paper we present the development of a method specifically designed for the examination of the content and process
of communication of genetic information in families. The method aims to maximize ecological validity as far as is possible.
We describe how participants and other family members are recruited and how data were collected. We outline three main data
analytic strategies: a graphic to show how genetic information changes as it flows from clinic and through the family, an
intensive qualitative analysis of the meaning and impact of the genetic information to different family members, and an informative
genogram which plots key family dynamics. This method will be illustrated in relation to a study of ten family-groups where
one individual has been found to carry a genetic mutation predisposing them to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. 相似文献
837.
Previous research has indicated an increase in stress levels and cognitive intrusions after natural disasters. These previous studies have not, however, assessed the impact disaster induced cognitive disruption has on human performance. In the present report, we investigated the impact of the 7.1 magnitude 2010 Christchurch, New Zealand earthquake on self-reported earthquake-induced cognitive disruption and its relationship to performance on the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART). Participants who self-reported greater cognitive disruption induced by the earthquake also had higher levels of errors of commission during SART (r = .80, p < .001). This was even the case when controlling for earthquake-induced anxiety, depression, participant sex, and self-reported sleep amount. Post-disaster assessments need to include the impact of the events directly on cognitive self-regulation and conscious thoughts, in addition to more clinical constructs, such as anxiety and depression. 相似文献
838.
Joslyn S Savelli S Nadav-Greenberg L 《Journal of experimental psychology. Applied》2011,17(4):342-353
Many weather forecast providers believe that forecast uncertainty in the form of the worst-case scenario would be useful for general public end users. We tested this suggestion in 4 studies using realistic weather-related decision tasks involving high winds and low temperatures. College undergraduates, given the statistical equivalent of the worst-case scenario (1 boundary of the 80% predictive interval), demonstrated biased understanding of future weather conditions compared with those given both bounds or no uncertainty information. We argue that this was due to an anchoring effect on numeric estimates, which were closer to the worst-case scenario than was warranted and increased linearly as the anchor became more extreme. In many situations tested here, anchoring in numeric estimates also extended to subsequent binary decisions, leading participants with the worst-case scenario to take action more often than did other participants. These results suggest that worst-case scenario forecasts can mislead the user. They appear to convince people that wind speeds will be higher and temperatures will be lower than what are indicated by the forecast. In addition, participants systematically "corrected" the forecast they were given. This effect was most prominent in the condition in which no uncertainty was provided, suggesting that people feel compelled to take uncertainty into account, even when it is not acknowledged by the forecast. Both the anchoring and correction biases were least evident when both bounds were provided, suggesting that balanced uncertainty leads to the best understanding of future weather conditions. 相似文献
839.
Date rape risk communication is a key component of education-based Date Rape Prevention Programs, common across colleges. In such programs, risk assessment in date rape is approached cautiously in order to avoid a tone of "victim blaming." Since it is important in the assessment of any risk to understand the surrounding social context of the risky situation and the individual's unique relationship with that social context, this study examines Protection Motivation Theory as it applies to handling the risk of date rape without victim blaming. The paper links individual personality and social contexts with risk communication. The study sample comprised 367 undergraduate women enrolled in a large Southern Public University. The study examines the relationships between dating activity, social competency, and type of information provided with the dependents variables of date rape related protection behavior (intent), belief, and knowledge. A factorial multiple analysis of covariance analysis found that the dependent variables had a significant relationship with aspects of social competency and dating activity. The exposure to varying information about date rape was not significantly related to the dependent variables of date rape-related protection behavior (intent), belief, and knowledge. The identification of social competency and dating activity status as protective factors in this study makes a significant contribution to the practice and research efforts in date rape education. 相似文献
840.
Basen-Engquist K Carmack CL Perkins H Hughes D Serice S Scruggs S Pinto B Waters A 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2011,12(1):27-35
Physical activity has been shown to benefit cancer survivors' physical functioning, emotional well-being, and symptoms. Physical activity may be of particular benefit to survivors of endometrial cancer because they are more likely to be obese and sedentary than the general population, as these are risk factors for the disease, and thus experience a number of related co-morbid health problems. However, there is little research systematically studying mechanisms of physical activity adherence in cancer survivor populations. This paper describes the design of the Steps to Health study, which applies a Social Cognitive Theory-based model of endometrial cancer survivors' adoption and maintenance of exercise in the context of an intervention to increase walking or other moderate intensity cardiovascular activity. In Steps to Health we will test the influence of self-efficacy and outcome expectations on adherence to exercise recommendations, as well as studying the determinants of self-efficacy. Endometrial cancer survivors who are at least 6 months post-treatment are provided with an intervention involving print materials and telephone counseling, and complete assessments of fitness, activity, self-efficacy and outcome expectations, and determinants of self-efficacy every two months for a six month period. In addition to testing an innovative model, the Steps to Health study employs multiple assessment methods, including ecological momentary assessment, implicit tests of cognitive variables, and ambulatory monitoring of physical activity. The study results can be used to develop more effective interventions for increasing physical activity in sedentary cancer survivors by taking into account the full complement of sources of self-efficacy information and outcome expectations. 相似文献