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281.
In two experiments, we demonstrated two types of strategies (rule-based and memory-based) and strategy transitions within the same binary classification task. The strategy that dominated later in practice depended on the difficulty of the operative classification rule and on the salience of the cue for that rule. Accuracy increased over practice trials, and response times were faster for the dominant strategy, either rule or memory. Rule retention was superior to stimulus item retention, so that, even for participants who preferred a memory-based strategy, a rule-based strategy dominated at least temporarily after a 1-week interval. Strategy use over trials and the retention interval reflected a given task's affordance of a shift between rule- and memory-based processes. 相似文献
282.
Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis is an increasingly recognized entity. This article reviews the cognitive impairment of multiple sclerosis, its prevalence, its relationship to different types of multiple sclerosis, and its contribution to long-term functional prognosis. The discussion also focuses on the key elements of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis which distinguish it from other forms of cognitive impairment. Therapeutic interventions potentially effective for the cognitive impairment of multiple sclerosis are reviewed including the effects of disease modifying therapies and the use of physical and cognitive interventions. 相似文献
283.
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285.
This article introduces the systems-centered concept of the "group mind" by linking systems-centered thinking and interpersonal neurobiology, building on Siegel's definition of mind as the process of regulating the flow of energy and information. Functional subgrouping, the systems-centered group method for resolving conflicts, discriminates and integrates the flow of energy and information within and between group members, subgroups, and the group-as-a-whole, thus potentiating survival, development, and transformation. This article uses the interpersonal neurobiological framework to discuss functional subgrouping as a tool for developing the group mind: considering how functional subgrouping facilitates emotional regulation, creates a secure relational context, and potentiates neural integration. 相似文献
286.
Christopher C. Davoli Feng Du Juan Montana Susan Garverick Richard A. Abrams 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(5):555-562
Much of the reading that we do occurs near our hands. Previous research has revealed that spatial processing is enhanced near
the hands, potentially benefiting several processes involved in reading; however, it is unknown whether semantic processing—another
critical aspect of reading—is affected near the hands. While holding their hands either near to or far from a visual display,
our subjects performed two tasks that drew on semantic processing: evaluation of the sensibleness of sentences, and the Stroop
color-word interference task. We found evidence for impoverished semantic processing near the hands in both tasks. These results
suggest a trade-off between spatial processing and semantic processing for the visual space around the hands. Readers are
encouraged to be aware of this trade-off when choosing how to read a text, since both kinds of processing can be beneficial
for reading. 相似文献
287.
Christine A. Vaughan Vangie A. Foshee Susan T. Ennett 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(2):261-272
The current study examined the contributions of maternal and peer support to depressive symptoms in early to mid-adolescence
and variation in these contributions across age, gender, and race. Five waves of data on maternal support, peer support, and
depressive symptoms were collected on rural youth (N = 3,444) at 6 month intervals. Multilevel modeling was used to evaluate within and between-person effects of maternal and
peer support on depressive symptoms. Within-person effects of peer support did not vary by age, gender, or race. At the between-person
level, peer support predicted levels of depressive symptoms at age 12, but this effect became nonsignificant after controlling
for maternal support. Within-person effects of maternal support did not vary with age but were qualified by gender and race.
Between-person effects of maternal support on depressive symptom levels at age 12 and slopes varied across race and gender,
respectively. Findings highlight the robustness of the protective effects of maternal and peer support during adolescence
among girls and white youth. 相似文献
288.
Alice S. Carter Leandra Godoy Robert L. Wagmiller Philip Veliz Susan Marakovitz Margaret J. Briggs-Gowan 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(1):19-31
There is support for a differentiated model of early internalizing emotions and behaviors, yet researchers have not examined
the course of multiple components of an internalizing domain across early childhood. In this paper we present growth models
for the Internalizing domain of the Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment and its component scales (General Anxiety,
Separation Distress, Depression/Withdrawal, and Inhibition to Novelty) in a sample of 510 one- to three-year-old children.
For all children, Internalizing domain scores decreased over the study, although girls had significantly higher initial levels
and boys had steeper declines. General Anxiety increased over the study period and, when modeled individually, girls evidenced
higher initial levels and greater increases. For all children, Separation Distress and Inhibition to Novelty decreased significantly
over time, while Depression/Withdrawal remained low without change. Findings from our parallel process model, in which all
components were modeled simultaneously, revealed that initial levels of internalizing scales were closely associated while
rates of change were less closely related. Sex differences in variability around initial levels and rates of change emerged
on some scales. Findings suggest that, for one- to three-year-olds, examining scales of the internalizing domain separately
rather than as a unitary construct reveals more meaningful developmental and gender variation. 相似文献
289.
Angela K. Troyer Larry Leach Susan Vandermorris Jill B. Rich 《Memory (Hove, England)》2013,21(7):931-942
ABSTRACTThe Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ) is a participant-reported measure of memory satisfaction, ability, and strategy use. Initially validated with healthy older adults, it has since been used in many different populations and settings for a variety of purposes. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the measurement properties of the MMQ across multiple, diverse studies. Methods: The study was designed using the Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. We calculated aggregate statistics and evaluated the methodological quality of 29 studies retrieved from PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Results: Analyses revealed high-quality evidence for internal consistency, stability, measurement error, convergent validity, and known-groups validity of the three MMQ scales. There was moderate-quality evidence for responsiveness and structural validity, with some studies identifying separate factors for internal and external memory strategy use. Measurement properties were similar across languages, participant samples, and study designs. Conclusions: The MMQ is a valid, reliable, and responsive measure across diverse settings and populations. Future research is needed to determine whether more detailed information can be obtained from the scales, specifically, internal versus external strategy use. 相似文献
290.
ABSTRACTGrounded in the ecological approach, research has charted several adaptive functions of autobiographical remembering. Each represents a rather different psychosocial domain (i.e., self, social, directive). The goal of this research was to determine the contributions of each of a set of variables, controlling for all others, in predicting use of autobiographical memory to serve each specific function. In two studies, participants (N?=?100; N?=?195) rated frequency of functional use of specific event memories and completed a brief battery of memory-related measures. Most Study One results were replicated in Study Two. Self-relevance of memories was related to their functional use regardless of domain. Each function was also, however, predicted by a unique set of variables consistent with its use in a given psychosocial domain. Findings emphasise how a combination of factors come into play to allow humans to use autobiographical memory to serve various different functions in navigating daily life. 相似文献