Static laws in a dynamic psychology?

In reply to Lamiell's (1991) criticism, we argue that his notion of nomothesis reflects a Newtonian, mechanistic notion of lawfulness and that his otherwise justified attack on the individual differences paradigm is an overreaction to an era that is dominated by this paradigm.     

Parallel and competitive processes in hierarchical analysis: perceptual grouping and encoding of closure.

The role of perceptual grouping and the encoding of closure of local elements in the processing of hierarchical patterns was studied. Experiments 1 and 2 showed a global advantage over the local level for 2 tasks involving the discrimination of orientation and closure, but there was a local advantage for the closure discrimination task relative to the orientation discrimination task. Experiment 3 showed a local precedence effect for the closure discrimination task when local element grouping was weakened by embedding the stimuli from Experiment 1 in a background made up of cross patterns. Experiments 4A and 4B found that dissimilarity of closure between the local elements of hierarchical stimuli and the background figures could facilitate the grouping of closed local elements and enhanced the perception of global structure. Experiment 5 showed that the advantage for detecting the closure of local elements in hierarchical analysis also held under divided- and selective-attention conditions. Results are consistent with the idea that grouping between local elements takes place in parallel and competes with the computation of closure of local elements in determining the selection between global and local levels of hierarchical patterns for response.     

FOK产生机制的实验研究

通过以初中生和大学生为被试的两个实验探讨了FOK（Feeling-of-Knowing即“熟知感”）的产生机制,是线索熟悉性还是靶项目的可提取性（或记忆强度）决定FOK判断的等级。识记材料为90对中文词对.分前后两部分让被试识记,前后两部分词对之间安排三种关系：①完全相同;②仅线索词相同,③完全不同,这三种关系可选成不同的靶项目记忆强度和不同的线索熟悉性.两组实验结果一致表明,FOK的等级判断的高低取决于线索熟悉程度,而不随靶项目的记忆强度而变化.     

动物创造力和创新研究概述

充满不确定性的环境里,创造力对于人类和动物的生存和进化都起着十分重要的作用。长期以来动物的创造力和创新能力的研究没有受到重视,但最近这个领域开始受到越来越多的关注。该文对动物创造力的有关研究做了简要介绍,并对该领域的发展做了一些探讨     

A framework for ML estimation of parameters of (mixtures of) common reaction time distributions given optional truncation or censoring

We present a framework for distributional reaction time (RT) analysis, based on maximum likelihood (ML) estimation. Given certain information relating to chosen distribution functions, one can estimate the parameters of these distributions and of finite mixtures of these distributions. In addition, left and/or right censoring or truncation may be imposed. Censoring and truncation are useful methods by which to accommodate outlying observations, which are a pervasive problem in RT research. We consider five RT distributions: the Weibull, the ex-Gaussian, the gamma, the log-normal, and the Wald. We employ quasi-Newton optimization to obtain ML estimates. Multicase distributional analyses can be carried out, which enable one to conduct detailed (across or within subjects) comparisons of RT data by means of loglikelihood difference tests. Parameters may be freely estimated, estimated subject to boundary constraints, constrained to be equal (within or over cases), or fixed. To demonstrate the feasibility of ML estimation and to illustrate some of the possibilities offered by the present approach, we present three small simulation studies. In addition, we present three illustrative analyses of real data.     

个体完成系列回忆任务时错误类型发展的实验研究

本实验以小学一、三、五年级学生和大学生为被试,选择三种类型的汉字(普通字、形似字和同音字)为实验材料,要求被试完成系列回忆任务。结果发现：各组被试在完成系列回忆任务时,出现了四种错误,即遗漏错误、侵入错误、移动错误和重复错误。其中遗漏错误、侵入错误和移动错误随年级升高而降低;移动错误的相对比例最高,重复错误的相对比例最低。同时还发现同音字引起的错误率明显高于普通字和形似字。     

《齐风》的"和谐"美

和谐是礼的最高境界,温柔敦厚是《诗经》和谐美的集中体现。《齐风》的和谐美,在社会生活方面,表现为女子个性的自由张扬,男人气度的雍容豪放;在诗歌形式方面,表现为声韵节奏的和谐舒缓。而春秋时期,齐国泱泱的大国气象,正是《齐风》和谐美建构的社会基础。     

积极组织学术研究--当代组织管理学中的新运动

积极组织学术研究是管理学中的一项新运动,由密歇根大学商学院倡导建立的积极组织学术研究小组发起。主张发展积极的人类优势,复苏、振兴和激发组织活力,使组织兴旺发达,使其员工迈向成功。研究者将研究重点集中于在组织环境中培养积极的要素,并在研究中构建严谨、系统的理论基础,以期实现组织、员工及研究者的共同发展。