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151.
迄今为止,人们往往把《巴黎手稿》的异化理论归结为异化劳动.而实际上它决不仅仅指《第一手稿》中的异化劳动,还指《穆勒评注》中的交往异化.交往异化是马克思走出孤立人的自我异化逻辑,走向复杂的社会关系逻辑的关键环节,也是马克思建构社会概念以及唯物史观的前提.因此,交往异化在思想水平上高于异化劳动,《穆勒评注》在理论上也比《第一手稿》成熟,我们应该遵循《第一手稿》在前《穆勒评注》在后的文献学顺序解读《巴黎手稿》.如果说马克思在其早期思想发展过程中有一次根本性转变的话,《穆勒评注》就是这次转变的转折点. 相似文献
152.
市民社会与中国慈善组织的发育 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文把慈善组织的发育置于社会结构转型和社会福利制度改革的背景之下,探讨了市民社会与中国慈善组织发育之间的关系,认为慈善组织的发育是中国市民社会成长的重要标志。但在当前市民社会发育不足的背景下,在构建以政府责任为主、以社会化服务为辅的社会福利体制改革的过程中,慈善组织的发育受制于政府自上而下的推动,政府应当在慈善立法、弘扬慈善文化、组织管理和财政支持等方面发挥作用。 相似文献
153.
认知年老化与执行衰退假说 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
在认知年老化领域,执行衰退假说是近年来新兴的一种理论。执行衰退假说在理论上具有很强的吸引力,但在实证研究中却存在很多困难,如执行功能的可分离性问题,执行功能测量的信度和效度问题,以及执行功能与加工速度的关系问题。目前,该领域研究的焦点是:在行为学水平上,控制一般性因素(加工速度)后,执行功能是否仍对认知年老化起重要的中介作用;在神经水平上,执行(额叶)功能随龄的变化情况,以及在认知年老化过程中,额叶在大脑功能重组中扮演的角色。最终实现对认知年老化的理解,需要将认知功能与大脑结构联系起来;既看到广泛存在的共同的基本机制,又不能忽略不同认知结构的选择性变化。 相似文献
154.
155.
This article reports the development of a tool for examining the social and cognitive processes of people involved in a conversational
interaction. Research on how people process utterances while they are actually engaged in an interaction has been extremely
rare. To that end, we have developed a conversational bot (computer program designed to mimic human communication) with which
participants can chat in a format similar to instant messaging. This program allows for the recording of comprehension speed,
and it can be interfaced with secondary tasks (e.g., lexical decisions) in order to examine online conversational processing.
Additional research possibilities with this program are discussed. 相似文献
156.
“The ineffable” in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus is an essential term that has various interpretations. It could be divided into two types, namely, positive and negative,
or real and fake. The negative or fake type can be clarified by logical analysis, while the positive or real type can be understood
only through philosophical critique. Both the positive and negative types consist of infinity or absoluteness, but the infinity
is subject to distinctions in meaning and logic.
__________
Translated from Zhexue Yanjiu 哲学研究 (Philosophical Researches), 2005, (8): 64–68 相似文献
157.
Teamwork and coordination of expertise among team members with different backgrounds are increasingly recognized as important for team effectiveness. Recently, researchers have examined how team members rely on transactive memory system (TMS; D. M. Wegner, 1987) to share their distributed knowledge and expertise. To establish the ecological validity and generality of TMS research findings, this study sampled 104 work teams from a variety of organizational settings in China and examined the relationships between team characteristics, TMS, and team performance. The results suggest that task interdependence, cooperative goal interdependence, and support for innovation are positively related to work teams' TMS and that TMS is related to team performance; moreover, structural equation analysis indicates that TMS mediates the team characteristics-performance links. Findings have implications both for team leaders to manage their work teams effectively and for team members to improve their team performance. 相似文献
158.
Reference-dependent utility with shifting reference points and incomplete preferences 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Han Bleichrodt 《Journal of mathematical psychology》2007,51(4):266-276
Many empirical studies have shown that people's preferences are reference-dependent. Previous theoretical studies of reference-dependence assumed that the reference point was fixed and then imposed the usual assumptions of decision theory, in particular completeness of preferences. This paper gives preference foundations for additive reference-dependent utility when the reference point varies across decisions and is one of the options in the decision maker's opportunity set. This decision situation is common, for example because usually the retention of the status quo is an available option, but is difficult to handle axiomatically because it implies incompleteness of preferences. The results of this paper provide tools to extend existing theories of reference-dependent preferences, such as prospect theory, to new and empirically important decision contexts. 相似文献
159.
160.
Periods of relatively stable, rule‐like behavior alternated with short transition periods characterize cognitive development on reasoning tasks like the balance scale task. Each transition gives rise to an improvement in behavior, until a phase is reached in which performance is flawless or improvement is not worthwhile given the necessary extra effort. Several computational models have been developed to capture the developmental phenomena associated with the balance scale task. These models, which originate from different computational traditions, explain the main phenomena of development. Recently, empirical phenomena have been reported that these models cannot easily accommodate. We propose a computational model that is implemented in ACT‐R and that is based on the evaluation of success of applied knowledge, combined with a mechanism to construct newknowledge by searching for differences between the left‐ and right‐hand sides of presented balance scale problems. This model accounts for the main empirical phenomena as well as for the recently reported empirical phenomena such as learning without feedback. 相似文献