Eye movements of older and younger readers when reading disappearing text

Older and younger readers read sentences in which target words were masked 40 to 60 ms after fixation onset. Masking only the target word caused more disruption than did masking each word in the sentence, and this effect was stronger for the younger readers than for the older readers. Although older readers had longer eye fixations than did younger readers, the results indicated that the masking effect was comparable for the 2 groups. However, for both groups, how long the eyes remained in place was strongly influenced by the frequency of the fixated word (even though it had been rapidly replaced by the mask and was no longer there when the eyes did move). This is compelling evidence that for both older and younger readers, cognitive/lexical processing has a very strong influence on when the eyes move in reading.     

Brain networks associated with sublexical properties of Chinese characters

Cognitive models of reading all assume some division of labor among processing pathways in mapping among print, sound and meaning. Many studies of the neural basis of reading have used task manipulations such as rhyme or synonym judgment to tap these processes independently. Here we take advantage of specific properties of the Chinese writing system to test how differential availability of sublexical information about sound and meaning, as well as the orthographic structure of characters, pseudo-characters and “artificial” control stimuli influence brain activation in the context of the same one-back task. Analyses combine a data-driven approach that identifies temporally coherent patterns of activity over the course of the entire experiment with hypothesis-testing based on the correlation of these patterns with predictors for different stimulus classes. The results reveal a large network of task-related activity. Both the extent of this network and activity in regions commonly observed in studies of Chinese reading are apparently related to task difficulty. Other regions, including temporo-parietal cortex, were sensitive to particular sublexical functional units in mapping among print, sound, and meaning.     

Dissociation and association of the embodied representation of tool-use verbs and hand verbs: An fMRI study

Embodied semantic theories suppose that representation of word meaning and actual sensory-motor processing are implemented in overlapping systems. According to this view, association and dissociation of different word meaning should correspond to dissociation and association of the described sensory-motor processing. Previous studies demonstrate that although tool-use actions and hand actions have overlapping neural substrates, tool-use actions show greater activations in frontal–parietal–temporal regions that are responsible for motor control and tool knowledge processing. In the present study, we examined the association and the dissociation of the semantic representation of tool-use verbs and hand action verbs. Chinese verbs describing tool-use or hand actions without tools were included, and a passive reading task was employed. All verb conditions showed common activations in areas of left middle frontal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44/45) and left inferior parietal lobule relative to rest, and all conditions showed significant effects in premotor areas within the mask of hand motion effects. Contrasts between tool-use verbs and hand verbs demonstrated that tool verbs elicited stronger activity in left superior parietal lobule, left middle frontal gyrus and left posterior middle temporal gyrus. Additionally, psychophysiological interaction analyses demonstrated that tool verbs indicated greater connectivity among these regions. These results suggest that the brain regions involved in tool-use action processing also play more important roles in tool-use verb processing and that similar systems may be responsible for word meaning representation and actual sensory-motor processing.     

胃癌辅助化疗的选择和应用

局部进展期胃癌手术后是否给予全身辅助化疗以及关于标准方案的临床研究,一直是临床关注的热点问题,对ⅡB期以上的进展期胃癌术后给予辅助治疗已经成为共识,但对于采用何种方案作为标准方案尚缺乏循证学依据,而且东西方医学界的意见存在较大的争议,我们一方面期待具有更高级别证据的临床研究结果,另一方面在现有证据下对胃癌术后进行最大程度规范化的辅助治疗,以提高我国胃癌整体治疗的水平.     

难治性高血压的干预

首先通过改变生活方式进行干预,药物治疗首先要排除精神压力引起的血压过度反应,干预难治性高血压通过联合用药与改变用药的时间.     

对肿瘤研究的思考:观测与结果

从哲学的角度,对肿瘤研究中的常用方法即观测与测定进行了理性的思考,探讨理论背景、观测仪器和测量过程对观测和测量的结果存在影响,肿瘤发生机理的基因异常理论的片面性,提出肿瘤发生的非平衡自组织观点、亚细胞水平成分测不准的可能性和肿瘤细胞及机体研究的黑箱方法.     

四卡问题解决中的匹配偏向再探

选取经典的四卡问题作为实验材料,深入探讨了“综合考虑证真证伪作用”的提示以及逻辑分析过程对被试解决四卡问题不能产生促进效应的原因。结果发现:(1)多数被试能对卡片P和-Q进行正确的逻辑推断,但是最后却仍然倾向于选择卡片Q而非-Q,这种错误并非是由于附加的认知任务使得被试的短时记忆容量超载所致。(2)元音偶数组与元音非偶数组的被试对四张卡片作出正确逻辑推断的人数百分比基本一致,但是后者选择P-Q的人数百分比却显著高于前者,这表明多数被试似乎并不依据逻辑分析的结果及其命题检验的规则来作出选择,而是采用匹配策略,错误地选择了Q卡片。     

内隐记忆研究的回顾与展望

近年来,在对内隐记忆的存在性和本质特点进行探讨的过程中,该领域涌现出愈加丰富的实验室研究方法和理论观点,同时也引发了研究者对内隐记忆内涵的深入思考。逐渐细分的内隐记忆研究领域促使人们超越内隐记忆原有的理论框架,去建构一个整合外显记忆与内隐记忆,容纳记忆的无意识和意识过程的完整理论体系。     

自我是一分为二的吗?——以西方自我图式的研究为例

该文以自我图式的开山之作———Markus的研究为例,从被试视角重新解读其研究结果,挑战了自我的二元构念及行为跨情境稳定性假设,指出Markus在操作过程中将主客观标准偷换,将情境绝对化了。这样分出的积极图式组和消极图式组在自我欺骗上有显著差异,其结果难逃社会赞许的干扰,对中庸自我的研究可能会彻底地解决这一困境。     

中国古代的定光佛信仰——兼论唐宋以来的民间"造佛运动"

唐末五代以至于宋,有不少僧人被视为定光佛在人间的“应身”或“化身”,甚至在同一时期、同一地区有不同的僧人都被视为“定光佛”。民间社会广为崇奉,连朝廷也予以承认并赐加封号。这种“人间佛”的出现是佛教发展中一个值得注意的现象,是隋唐以来民间持续的“造佛运动”的成果之一,是佛教进一步世俗化、民俗化的表现。