记忆与学习的脑化学研究——海马内注射胰蛋白酶与核糖核酸酶对大白鼠暗箱回避模式记忆的影响

问题的提出 记忆与学习的规律及其脑机制的研究,历来是生理心理学中最为活跃而富有成效的研究领域之一。随着分子生物学、神经化学与脑科学研究的近代进展,“记忆之谜”——特别是记忆与学习的脑化学基础(分子基础),正越来越引起心理学、生物学、医药学及有关研究者们的广泛重视与热烈讨论。本世纪三十年代,以美国著名心理学家     

“位置法”记忆训练对改善儿童至老年时期的认知功能研究

本工作采用“位置法”对118例被试(包括儿童、少年、青年、中年和老年五个年龄组)进行记忆训练研究,分析不同年龄人记忆的发展变化和认知训练对改善记忆的作用,进而探讨发展的认知功能储备能量的年龄差异。结果表明:1.老年和儿童组各项成绩明显低于青、少年组;2.认知干预措施可在一定程度上改善老年人的记忆,再次证明老年智力和记忆有一定的可塑性。但在发展的储备能量和对图形的迁移效应中也存在与记忆相似的年龄差异。     

Emotional labour strategies and job burnout: A meta-analysis of Chinese employees

Emotional labour strategies have a significant impact on job burnout. However, current research results are controversial and unclear. A meta-analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between emotional labour strategies (surface acting and deep acting) and job burnout. A total of 84 empirical studies that included 28,242 participants were selected. The meta-analysis of the relationships between job burnout and surface acting and deep acting included 84 and 75 independent samples respectively. The results show that surface acting had a positive association (r = 0.25) with job burnout, whereas deep acting (r = −0.27) had a negative association with job burnout. Occupational types and measures of emotional labour strategies moderated the relationship between emotional labour strategies and job burnout, but this relationship was not moderated by measures of job burnout.     

面向生活世界的伦理人类学

一、在规范伦理学与德性伦理学论争的背后规范伦理学与德性伦理学的论争是当代伦理学研究中的重要学术现象。规范伦理学以罗尔斯和哈贝马斯为代表,德性伦理学以麦金太尔为代表,形成了观点相互对立的两大伦理学阵营。规范伦理学以哲学思辨的方法研究伦理问题,其研究领域主要是伦理的价值或道德的应然,期望     

Quality of Well-Being Scale and Chronic Low Back Pain

Outcome measures that assess quality of life for use in health policy decisions need to be investigated in chronic pain patients. In the present study, the validity of the Quality of Well-Being Scale (QWB) was evaluated on 67 adult chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients who were enrolled in a 12-week multidisciplinary pain treatment program. Participants completed the QWB, a battery of pain measures, a behavioral observation task, and a medical exam. The findings indicated that CLBP patients have a low level of functioning or quality of life (M = .567, SD = .08) compared with persons with life-threatening diseases. The QWB score was significantly correlated with observational measures of pain behavior and pain-related coping strategies. Multivariate analysis indicated that interference in daily activities, distorted ambulation, affective distress, pain duration, and guarding were the most significant predictors of quality of well-being (multiple R = .84, p < .0001). Patients with medically incongruent physical signs had significantly lower QWB scores than patients with congruent signs. Overall, the data supported the validity of the QWB in a sample of CLBP patients.     

晏婴对齐景公的影响

晏婴是齐国历史上重要的宰相,他的主张和行为对齐景公产生了重大的影响。贤人治国,使齐国经常保持了大国和强国的地位,在各诸侯国家之间的关系上起着举足轻重的作用;直言敢谏,使齐景公改正了自己的缺点,缓和了当时严重的社会矛盾,稳定了政权。     

Foot Motion Character During Forward and Backward Walking With Shoes and Barefoot

Abstract

Backward walking (BW) has been extensively used in athletic training and orthopedic rehabilitation as it may have value for enhancing balance. This study identified the differences in foot intersegment kinematics (forward walking (FW) vs. time-reversed BW) and plantar pressure parameters of 16 healthy habitually shod individuals walking FW and BW using flexible shoes (SH) and under barefoot conditions (BF). BW was found to have shorter stride length (SL) and higher stride frequency (SF) under BF conditions compared with SH, which indicates a better BW gait stability under BF conditions. Decreased HX/FF dorsiflexion at HO in BW induces less plantar aponeurosis tension which may inhibit the windlass mechanism compared to FW walking. Increased forefoot relative to hindfoot (FF/HF) pronation and sequentially hindfoot relative to tibia (HF/TB) eversion combined with medially distributed plantar pressure and a higher plantar contact area in the medial side in BW–BF maybe beneficial in maintaining balance. These results indicate that BW training may be more reliable under BF conditions compared to the SH conditions based on greater sensory information feedback from the plantar area resulting in better biomechanical behavior.     

Harnessing the Power of a Novel Program for Dynamic Balance Perturbation with Supported Body Weight

Abstract

Self-initiated postural adjustments commonly occur in daily life. To accessibly measure this type of dynamic balance, we developed a simple computer program to induce virtual perturbations and combined it with a commercially available balance board and portable EMG system to measure resulting self-initiated postural adjustments. When performing perturbed balance tests, safety harness with body weight support (BWS) is often used. However, influences of these harnesses on postural reactions are not well known. This study investigated the sensitivity of our assessment tool under different BWS conditions and muscle responses during postural adjustments following perturbation at different directions. Fifteen neurologically intact participants performed self-initiated postural adjustments under conditions with: (1) no harness; (2) harness with no BWS; and (3) harness with 10% BWS. Postural adjustment time and muscle activities of the lower leg were measured. We observed significant increases in postural adjustment time in the harness with no BWS condition and differneces in lower leg muscles response to virtual perturbation. Our findings suggest that the combination of our customized program with EMG is a sensitive and convenient tool to measure postural adjustments that approximate real-world scenarios. This method can be used with light body weight support to ensure safety without influencing muscle synergies.     

散居与编修:《创世记》37-50章之约瑟之谜

《创世记》37-50章记述的是关于约瑟的故事,其形式和内容都不同于之前的先祖亚伯拉罕、以撒和雅各的叙事(创12-36),且成典的位置在《创世记》的最后,连接着《出埃及记》。但是除了《创世记》37-50章,约瑟在五经中只被提及了一次(出1:8),而在五经之外鲜有提及。为了解开此谜题,本文从约瑟故事中"梦"这个主题出发,并通过与《但以理书》1-6章的对比,重新对《创世记》37-50章做了详尽分析,认为约瑟故事实际上形成于散居时期,因此之前形成的文本有可能不知道其叙事内容。     

宽恕与恶的永恒角力——杨克列维奇的遮遣法与宽恕问题

杨克列维奇用"遮遣法"或否定法的哲学来改造柏格森思想,并以其作为分析因二战犹太人所遭受的磨难而引发的"宽恕"问题的基本方法。在宽恕行为的静态模式中,事关宽恕行为的当事人与宽恕资格问题,杨克列维奇提出了"宽恕的不可能性"命题,主张对于纳粹罪行的追溯"不受时效约束"。而在记忆、意识与自由参与其中的动态模式中,作为具有创造与生成能力的行动之人,宽恕将永远存在。借助"遮遣法",杨克列维奇提醒我们,宽恕与恶处于永恒的角力之中。这是一个我们不得不面对的伦理真相。