The automatic and the expected self: separating self- and familiarity biases effects by manipulating stimulus probability

Attentional control over prepotent responses has previously been shown by manipulating the probability with which stimuli appear. Here, we examined whether prepotent responses to self-associated stimuli can be modulated by their frequency of occurrence. Participants were instructed to associate geometric shapes with the self, their mother, or a stranger before having to judge whether the sequential shape–label pairs matched or mismatched the instruction. The probability of the different shape–label pairs was varied. There was a robust advantage to self-related stimuli in all cases. Reducing the proportion of matched self pairs did not weaken performance with self-related stimuli, whereas reducing the frequency of either matched mother or stranger pairs hurt performance, relative to when the different match trials were equiprobable. In addition, while mother and stranger pairs jointly benefitted when they both occurred frequently, there were benefits only to self pairs when the frequency of self trials increased along with either mother or stranger trials. The results suggest that biases favoring self-related stimuli occur automatically, even when self-related stimuli have a low probability of occurrence, and that expectations to frequent, self-related stimuli operate in a relatively exclusive manner, minimizing biases to high-probability stimuli related to other people. In contrast, biases to high-familiarity stimuli (mother pairs) can be reduced when the items occur infrequently and they do not dominate expectations over other high-frequency stimuli.     

Liminal Masculinity in Richard Selzer’s Knife Song Korea

The doctor in a foreign country is a recurring theme in physician writer Richard Selzer’s stories. In his 2009 novel, Knife Song Korea, Selzer returns to this theme, examining it in depth through the lens of gender. Selzer features the American military surgeon Sloane’s multiple border-crossings, namely, from America to Korea, from health to patienthood, and from sex-exploitation to love. Crossing those visible or invisible borders in the gender and race conscious contexts of medical profession and military in wartime Korea, Sloane finds himself liminally located among various masculine stereotypes. The mixed-race situation in the novel further pushes Sloane to realize the unbearability of the baggage of American manhood as represented in his profession. Selzer’s punishment of Sloane’s border-crossings seems to suggest that physicians, together with patients, are equally likely to be victimized by the macho norms in medicine.     

Gender differences in adolescent coping behaviors and suicidal ideation: findings from a sample of 73,238 adolescents

Suicide among adolescents is an emerging global public health problem as well as a socioeconomic problem. Stress-coping strategies have been shown to be associated with suicidal ideation. We examined coping behaviors related to suicidal ideation and gender differences in adolescents using the data from the 2010 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey (ages 12–19 years; N = 73,238). Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between suicidal ideation and specific coping behaviors while controlling for potentially confounding variables. In both male and female groups, the coping behavior “drinking alcoholic beverages” and “smoking cigarettes” were positively associated with suicidal ideation. “Watching TV,” “playing online/mobile games,” and “sleeping” were negatively associated with suicidal ideation in both groups. In males, “engaging in sports” was negatively related to suicidal ideation. In females, “venting by talking to others” and “eating” were negatively related to suicidal ideation. The results indicate that there are gender differences in the effects of coping behaviors on adolescent suicidal ideation, and that developing adaptive coping strategies may function to reduce suicidality. Future studies are needed to examine whether improving coping skills can reduce suicidal ideation in a gender-specific manner.     

中国人孝道心理的现状与变迁

采用问卷法,通过分层抽样对347名不同性别、专业及年龄段人群的孝道心理进行调查。结果显示：（1）人们总体上对孝道高度认同,其中女性的＂尽孝程度＂自评显著高于男性;（2）人们心中＂极力反对的孝行＂、＂不符合当代潮流的孝行＂及＂不易做的孝行＂三者高度一致;（3）人们心中＂孝子应该做的孝行＂、＂能充分展现孝心的孝行＂及＂当代社会仍非常重要的孝行＂三者也很一致。通过与黄坚厚等人的研究对比发现：自1982年以来,中国人的孝道心理并未发生根本改变。     

责任共担促进新手的互动决策获益：超扫描研究

采用基于近红外脑成像的超扫描技术, 考察了责任共担(即共同承担决策结果)对个体(专家和新手)的互动决策获益(即互动决策后个体的能力提升)的影响及脑机制。结果显示, 相比于非责任共担, 责任共担条件下新手的互动决策获益更高, 其与互动同伴在额极区域存在增强的脑间活动同步性; 并且, 额极的脑间活动同步性可预测新手的互动决策获益。综上, 责任共担可以有效促进新手的互动决策获益, 额极脑间活动同步性可能是潜在的脑机制。     

Parent–child relationships and depressive symptom among Chinese college students: the mediating role of psychological needs satisfaction and the moderating role of mindfulness

Prior studies have revealed that positive parent–child relationships are negatively associated with college students’ depressive symptom. However, the underlying mechanisms of this relation whether specific mediators or moderators are at play are little known. Therefore, the current study examined the potential mediating role of psychological needs satisfaction and the moderating role of mindfulness in the link between parent–child relationships and depressive symptom among college students. A total of 900 college students from Shenzhen, China (53.40% male; M_age?=?19.82, SD?=?1.01, range from 17 to 27 years) completed questionnaires regarding parent–child relationships, psychological needs satisfaction, mindfulness, and depressive symptom. This study found that (1) parent–child relationships are negatively related to college students’ depressive symptom; (2) psychological needs satisfaction could be a potential mediator in the link between parent–child relationships and depressive symptom; and (3) mindfulness could moderate both the relation between parent–child relationships and depressive symptom as well as that between psychological needs satisfaction and depressive symptom, and those relations were weaker among college students with high levels of mindfulness than those with low levels of mindfulness. The current study highlights the mediating and moderating mechanisms that may underlie the correlation between parent–child relationships and depressive symptom, which may contribute to the development of more effective intervention and prevention programs for alleviating college students’ depressive symptom.

     

Cortisol Reactivity as a Mediator of Peer Victimization on Child Internalizing and Externalizing Problems: The Role of Gender Differences

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology - Children exposed to peer victimization are at increased risk for psychopathology. However, the physiological mechanisms linking peer victimization...     

童年及当前环境压力对跨期选择的影响:时间感知的中介作用

本文分别以90名和70名大学生为被试,通过问卷调查和实验任务的方式,探究童年环境、当前环境压力、时间感知和跨期选择四者之间的关系。结果表明:(1)童年环境影响时间感知,相比童年社会经济地位高的个体,童年社会经济地位低的个体更倾向于高估时距。(2)在正常环境下,个体时间感知完全中介作用于童年环境和跨期选择之间的关系,童年环境通过影响个体时间感知进而影响个体的跨期选择。(3)在当前环境压力下,时间感知并未起到中介作用。研究表明,时间感知在童年压力与在当前环境压力条件下,对跨期选择的影响作用不同。     

Parental Involvement in Chinese Immigrant Mothers: The Influences of Cultural and Parenting Cognitions

Journal of Child and Family Studies - The purpose of this research was to identify mechanisms by which cultural cognitions were linked to parenting cognitions and practices in acculturating Chinese...     

地方政府间竞争:经济溢出和技术溢出视角

推进区域经济协调发展已成为国家战略的重要组成部分。本文在现有研究基础上,首次提出区域间经济溢出与技术溢出整合分析框架,以引资政策竞争为切入点,构建地方政府博弈模型,探讨区域竞争效应,并通过对模型推演得出一系列推论。研究发现,在追求自身利益最大化的条件下,地方政府会充分考虑其决策对其它地区的经济与技术溢出效应,透过对双重溢出效应相对大小的考量,并结合短期或长期利益追求以及自身所处客观环境条件而做出相应的战略选择,据此能够理解我国地方政府竞争与合作行为,特别是对现实中地方政府引资竞争中为何屡屡出现恶性竞争现象给予了符合逻辑的解读。技术溢出效应导致区域创新投入并不一定能够显著促进本区域经济的快速增长,特别是对短期经济目标的追求。所以,需要更高层面的政府打破行政区域限制,构建跨区域的创新平台,推动创新要素的流动和合理配置,扩大技术溢出效应,这也使得设计整体社会利益最大化追求机制成为可能。