“Pain is forgotten where gain follows:” The masking effect of positive outcomes on emotional suffering

Previous research has shown that people tend to overstate or understate their past feelings in memory when asked to recall their past emotional experiences. Drawing from cognitive reappraisal theory and mood congruence theory, we presented an integrative explanation that the type of outcome of stressful events influences the magnitude and direction of bias in emotional memory. The results of two studies showed that individuals who succeeded in a postgraduate recruitment interview or a job interview tended to overstate positive emotions and understate negative emotions. In contrast, individuals who failed in an interview understated positive emotions and overstated negative emotions. This phenomenon can be named “pain is forgotten where gain follows.” These results shed light on the controversy between mood congruent theory and the appraisal model as well as application values in intervention research on emotional biases.     

The contributions of static visual cues, nonvisual cues, and optic flow in distance estimation

By systematically varying cue availability in the stimulus and response phases of a series of same-modality and cross-modality distance matching tasks, we examined the contributions of static visual information, idiothetic information, and optic flow information. The experiment was conducted in a large-scale, open, outdoor environment. Subjects were presented with information about a distance and were then required to turn 180 before producing a distance estimate. Distance encoding and responding occurred via: (i) visually perceived target distance, or (ii) traversed distance through either blindfolded locomotion or during sighted locomotion. The results demonstrated that subjects performed with similar accuracy across all conditions. In conditions in which the stimulus and the response were delivered in the same mode, when visual information was absent, constant error was minimal; whereas, when visual information was present, overestimation was observed. In conditions in which the stimulus and response modes differed, a consistent error pattern was observed. By systematically comparing complementary conditions, we found that the availability of visual information during locomotion (particularly optic flow) led to an 'under-perception' of movement relative to conditions in which visual information was absent during locomotion.     

儿童孤独感与同伴关系、社会行为及社交自我知觉的研究

本研究采用同伴提名法和问卷调查法对3-6年级儿童共600名进行了研究,试图考察儿童孤独感与同伴关系、社会行为及社交自我知觉的关系。结果表明:(1)受欢迎组儿童的孤独感显著低于被拒绝组、被忽视组、有争议组和一般组;一般组儿童的孤独感显著低于被拒绝组和被忽视组。(2)社交自我知觉较高的儿童的孤独感显著低于社交自我知觉一般和较低的儿童,社交自我知觉一般的儿童的孤独感显著低于社交自我知觉较低的儿童。(3)高攻击型儿童的孤独感高于低攻击型儿童,但没有达到显著水平;高退缩型儿童的孤独感显著高于一般退缩型和低退缩型儿童,一般退缩型儿童的孤独感显著高于低退缩型的儿童。     

Asymmetrical stimulus generalization following differential fear conditioning

Rodent ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are ethologically critical social signals. Rats emit 22 kHz USVs and 50 kHz USVs, respectively, in conjunction with negative and positive affective states. Little is known about what controls emotional reactivity to these social signals. Using male Sprague–Dawley rats, we examined unconditional and conditional freezing behavior in response to the following auditory stimuli: three 22 kHz USVs, a discontinuous tone whose frequency and on–off pattern matched one of the USVs, a continuous tone with the same or lower frequencies, a 4 kHz discontinuous tone with an on–off pattern matched to one of the USVs, and a 50 kHz USV. There were no differences among these stimuli in terms of the unconditional elicitation of freezing behavior. Thus, the stimuli were equally neutral before conditioning. During differential fear conditioning, one of these stimuli (the CS⁺) always co-terminated with a footshock unconditional stimulus (US) and another stimulus (the CS⁻) was explicitly unpaired with the US. There were no significant differences among these cues in CS⁺-elicited freezing behavior. Thus, the stimuli were equally salient or effective as cues in supporting fear conditioning. When the CS⁺ was a 22 kHz USV or a similar stimulus, rats discriminated based on the principal frequency and/or the temporal pattern of the stimulus. However, when these same stimuli served as the CS⁻, discrimination failed due to generalization from the CS⁺. Thus, the stimuli differed markedly in the specificity of conditioning. This strikingly asymmetrical stimulus generalization is a novel bias in discrimination.     

艾香德牧师与中国佛教:民国时期宗教对话的一个案例

民国时期,中国佛教进入改革发展阶段,社会影响力也波及到其他各种宗教。挪威传教士艾香德来到中国后,受佛教影响,积极学习佛经,深入寺庙与佛教徒进行交流,参访南京支那内学院,撰写了有关中国佛教的著作,并依照佛教寺院制度,先在南京和平门外创办景风山基督教丛林,后又在香港建立道风山基督教丛林。艾香德以较为开放的胸怀倡导宗教对话与宗教联合,当时虽然没有得到人们特别重视,甚至还受到了一些批评,但在全球化的今天,宗教对话与宗教联合被越来越多的宗教团体所认同与接受,已成为世界宗教发展中的一种值得关注的文化现象,重新回视艾香德所倡导的宗教对话就显得更有理论价值与实践意义。     

后神学的神思——海德格尔《哲学论稿》中的上帝问题

海德格尔毕生的思想与上帝／神性难解难分。在后期重要著作《哲学论稿》中,海德格尔形成了对其后期思想具有规定作用的“存在／存有历史”观,以及以“本有”（Ereignis）为核心词语的后哲学之思。而在“存在／存有历史”思想的最后一个“关节”即“最后的上帝”一节中,海德格尔形成了与“本有”相关的神性之思,后者不同于传统神学——我们愿意称之为后神学的神思。     

乔荼波陀与佛教

本论文主要将印度吠檀多派哲学家乔荼波陀的哲学思想与佛教的思想进行比较研究。持“无我论”观点的佛教认为世间一切事物皆无自性实体可言;万物都为因缘和合聚散而生灭。持“有我论”观点的吠檀多派则认为存在着一个精神绝对体（梵我）,它是事物生灭的本源;现象世界随生随灭,而它恒常不灭。本论文认为,乔茶波陀作为印度正统派哲学家,在他的著作《圣教论》中却处处表现出对佛教思想的偏爱,接受了佛教大量的影响,运用唯识宗和空宗的理论来为自己的吠檀多哲学作论证。     

彩色电视记忆肤色宽容度的实验研究

一、前 言 在彩电的色再现中,有关肤色宽容度的问题,早在五十年代初就被人们注意了。观众对再现的肤色的评价是凭他们的记忆或印象来评定的。人们对一些常见物体的颜色特别是肤色的记忆,又往往带有一定的倾向性。因此,所谓记忆肤色往往也就是优选肤色或喜     

动词隐含因果性对代词加工的影响

本研究探讨了在汉语句子理解中动词隐含因果性对代词指认的影响。在实验一巾,被试进行自定步速的阅读．结果发现当动词隐含因果性和句中代词实际所指一致时阅读时间较短,不一致时阅读时间较长。实验二采用眼动技术,句中两个参与者性别不同,代词上提供性别线索,结果显示了动词隐含因果性在代词加工上微弱的即时效应。