地方政府间竞争:经济溢出和技术溢出视角

推进区域经济协调发展已成为国家战略的重要组成部分。本文在现有研究基础上,首次提出区域间经济溢出与技术溢出整合分析框架,以引资政策竞争为切入点,构建地方政府博弈模型,探讨区域竞争效应,并通过对模型推演得出一系列推论。研究发现,在追求自身利益最大化的条件下,地方政府会充分考虑其决策对其它地区的经济与技术溢出效应,透过对双重溢出效应相对大小的考量,并结合短期或长期利益追求以及自身所处客观环境条件而做出相应的战略选择,据此能够理解我国地方政府竞争与合作行为,特别是对现实中地方政府引资竞争中为何屡屡出现恶性竞争现象给予了符合逻辑的解读。技术溢出效应导致区域创新投入并不一定能够显著促进本区域经济的快速增长,特别是对短期经济目标的追求。所以,需要更高层面的政府打破行政区域限制,构建跨区域的创新平台,推动创新要素的流动和合理配置,扩大技术溢出效应,这也使得设计整体社会利益最大化追求机制成为可能。     

Normative data on a battery of neuropsychological tests in the Han Chinese population

In order to develop normative data of a battery of neuropsychological tests in the mainland Chinese population, we examined the performance of 15 neuropsychological tests in 465 healthy subjects (231 males and 234 females) in a population‐based cohort study. The years of education were ranged between 1 and 23 years, and ages were ranged between 16 and 75 years old. The 15 neuropsychological tests cover five domains of neurocognitive functions including attention and speed of information processing, memory and learning, verbal function, visual constructive abilities, and executive function. We also assessed the effects of gender, age, educational attainment on the performance of these neuropsychological tests. The results showed that, as expected, educational attainment and age are the two main factors affecting performance in these tests. Educational attainment has the strongest predictive effect on all tests, while the majority of tests selected in this study are also affected by age at examination to varying degrees. The presented normative data will be useful for future studies in related clinical research, and be of value in transcultural neuropsychological studies.     

Grouping illumination frameworks

According to Koffka (1935), the lightness of a target surface is determined by the relationship between the target and the illumination frame of reference to which it belongs. However, each scene contains numerous illumination frames, and judging each one separately would lead to an enormous amount of computing. Grouping those frames that are in the same illumination would simplify the computation. We report a series of experiments demonstrating that nonadjacent regions of the visual field under the same illumination level are perceptually grouped together and function, to some extent, as a single framework. A small coplanar group of patches under its own illumination exhibits compression of perceived range of gray shades. We obtained the reduction in compression in the presence of an identically illuminated 25-patch Mondrian tableau mounted nearby the coplanar group. The influence of the Mondrian display was reduced when it was (a) moved laterally away from the test display, (b) moved farther back in depth from the test display, or (c) rotated to a different orientation.     

A new "fat face" illusion

We report a novel fat face illusion that when two identical images of the same face are aligned vertically, the face at the bottom appears 'fatter'. This illusion emerged when the faces were shown upright, but not inverted, with the size of the illusion being 4%. When the faces were presented upside down, the illusion did not emerge. Also, when upright clocks were shown in the same vertically aligned fashion, we did not observe the illusion, indicating that the fat illusion does not generalize to every category of canonically upright objects with similar geometric shape as a face.     

Influence of personality traits on parasocial relationship with sports celebrities: A hierarchical approach

Using the 3M Model of Motivation and Personality as a theoretical framework, this study develops a three‐level hierarchy of personality traits predictive of fans' parasocial relationship with sports celebrities. Specifically, the findings show that parasocial relationship with sports celebrities is determined positively by materialism (the elemental trait), negatively by self‐esteem (the compound trait) and positively by interest in sports spectatorship (the situational trait). Practical and academic implications are provided. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The influence of flankers on race categorization of faces

Context affects multiple cognitive and perceptual processes. In the present study, we asked how the context of a set of faces would affect the perception of a target face??s race in two distinct tasks. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants categorized target faces according to perceived racial category (Black or White). In Experiment 1, the target face was presented alone or with Black or White flanker faces. The orientation of flanker faces was also manipulated to investigate how face inversion effect would interact with the influences of flanker faces on the target face. The results showed that participants were more likely to categorize the target face as White when it was surrounded by inverted White faces (an assimilation effect). Experiment 2 further examined how different aspects of the visual context would affect the perception of the target face by manipulating flanker faces?? shape and pigmentation, as well as their orientation. The results showed that flanker faces?? shape and pigmentation affected the perception of the target face differently. While shape elicited a contrast effect, pigmentation appeared to be assimilative. These novel findings suggest that the perceived race of a face is modulated by the appearance of other faces and their distinct shape and pigmentation properties. However, the contrast and assimilation effects elicited by flanker faces?? shape and pigmentation may be specific to race categorization, since the same stimuli used in a delayed matching task (Experiment 3) revealed that flanker pigmentation induced a contrast effect on the perception of target pigmentation.     

论道教宇宙论中的两条发展线索--以杜光庭《道德真经广圣义》为例

本文以唐末五代“道门领袖”杜光庭的《道德真经广圣义》为例,来说明在道教宇宙论中始终存在着两条不同的线索:一是从神学上提出带有神喻启示特点的宇宙神创说,以彰显“道”的主宰性、神圣性与超越性;二是从哲学上建构了以“道气”为本的宇宙生成论,力图对宇宙世界以及人的生存作出一个根本性的解释,从而为人的修道实践提供依据。只有厘清这两条线索相互交涉的复杂关系,才能更好地把握道教宇宙论思想的基本特点。     

论杜光庭对道教斋醮科仪的发展与贡献

唐末五代时期著名的“道门领袖”杜光庭一生撰写并整理了十多种、近二百卷有关道教斋醮科仪著作,被后人誉为道教斋醮科仪的集大成者。本文认为,杜光庭在整理各种斋醮科仪的基础上,对“自然朝”的提倡、对道场戒律的重视、对谢恩醮的设立、对“斋”的意义的阐发、对斋官职司的具体规定、对表奏上章的文饰等,为推动道教斋醮科仪的发展做出了重要的贡献。     

大学生迷信心理的形成及其影响因素

在全面总结近三十年来国内外相关研究成果的基础上,对大学生迷信心理的形成及其影响因素做了深入探讨。文章首先梳理了迷信的概念;其次从观察学习、归因和自我认同三个方面反思了大学生迷信心理形成的心理机制;并从性别、人格控制点、自尊和自我效能、认知风格和受暗示性、不确定性情境、压力情境等方面分析了大学生迷信心理的影响因素;最后指出了以往研究中存在的局限,并对未来的相关研究做出了展望