判断偏差分析的认知-生态取样途径

对判断偏差的研究曾主要侧重于考察个体的动机和认知缺陷,而近期从认知-生态取样角度对判断偏差进行的研究则表明,判断偏差源于人与环境的交互作用。从认知-生态取样角度分析人的判断偏差着重考察以下四方面的问题：基于样本的判断涉及的多个变量,现实环境中刺激的分布,取样过程及其结果,取样过程中的心理预设与限制。认知-生态取样角度的研究对判断偏差产生的原因提供了一种全新的解释,同时,它也存在一些亟待解决的问题     

多媒体语境条件下的第二语言词汇学习

语境学习是一种重要的第二语言词汇学习方式。与传统的文本语境相比,多媒体语境能够为学习者的词汇学习创造更为真实、生动、形象的语境条件。根据近年来语境学习方面的研究成果,该文将讨论语境学习的概念、多媒体语境学习的特点、学习效果的相关因素等问题,并对该领域需进一步研究的问题进行初步的分析。     

核心知识系统及其对相关研究的启示

核心知识系统出现于人类个体发展和种系发展的早期,在人类复杂认知能力的发生发展中起着建构模块的作用。该文以表征物体和数量关系的两类核心知识系统的性质及二者在儿童的“数”概念形成和成人的数学思维中所起的作用为例,综述了以灵长类动物、婴儿、儿童和成人为被试的研究证据,并进而提出了核心知识系统给相关研究带来的若干启示。     

形式显示的现象学--海德格尔早期弗莱堡讲座研究

本文讨论海德格尔早期弗莱堡讲座中的现象学。作者从题域和方法两个角度上探讨海德格尔这个时期的形式显示现象学。就题域来说,海德格尔试图突破胡塞尔现象学的“知识”或“理论”局限,深入到“前理论的”层面,即所谓前理论的“原始东西”;就方法来说,海德格尔沉思和实践了他所谓的“形式显示”的思路和言路,以此力求与传统哲学的形式化思想方法划界。作者认为,“形式显示”的现象学方法乃是海德格尔在《存在与时间》之前的现象学哲思的最富特色和创意的成分;而由于这种方法上的探索也影响到后期海德格尔的思想道路,因此一般而言,它也标志着海德格尔全部思想的现象学特质。     

经济伦理学:从构建体系走向问题意识

一经济伦理学研究现状 经济伦理学作为一门相对独立的应用伦理学学科,在我国诞生于20世纪80年代,它伴随着经济改革和市场经济发展的步伐在我国获得了长足的进展.一方面,国际性经济伦理学术交流的开展、国际上有重要影响的经济伦理学术著作的翻译出版,使得我国的经济伦理学研究能够与世界接轨,经济伦理学研究者能够及时了解国际经济伦理学研究的动态和潮流,这是支持我国经济伦理学研究得以进步和发展的思想资源;另一方面,全国性和地区性的经济伦理学术研讨会定期或不定期地在各地举行,国内学者之间的学术交流呈良好发展态势.     

《虬须客》与《虬髯客传》

在中国古代小说创作领域,由于道教的神仙传说为文学创作提供了大量的素材和想象的空间,因此,到唐代时,道教小说无论是在数量,还是在质量上都达到一个新的高峰。唐代道教小说中有相当一部分出自于唐末五代著名的“道门领袖”杜光庭的手笔。杜光庭在撰写《道教灵验记》、《神仙感遇传》、《墉城集仙录》、《录异记》等书时,通过搜奇述异,塑造了许多颇具魅力的求道者形象,讲述了许多颇具传奇色彩小说故事。在杜光庭的小说中,特别值得一提的是《神仙感遇传》卷四的《虬须客》。《虬须客》因与后世影响甚大的唐代传奇小说《虬髯客传》在人物与情…     

Facilitative interactions of model- and experiencebased processes: Implications for type and flexibility of representation

People are often taught using a combination of instruction and practice. In prior research, we have distinguished between model-based knowledge (i.e., acquired from explicit instruction) and experience-based knowledge (i.e., acquired from practice), and have argued that the issue of how these types of knowledge (and associated learning processes) interact has been largely neglected. Two experiments explore this issue using a dynamic control task. Results demonstrate the utility of providing model-based knowledge before practice with the task, but more importantly, suggest how this information improves learning. Results also show that learning in this manner can lead to "costs" such as slowed retrieval, and that this knowledge may not always transfer to new task situations as well as experientially acquired knowledge. Our findings also question the assumption that participants always acquire a highly specific "lookup" table representation while learning this task. We provide an alternate view and discuss the implications for theories of learning.     

三苏论管仲的异同及形成原因

学术界对管仲的研究越来越深入细致,对三苏的研究更是全面精微,遗憾的是几乎没有人研究管仲和三苏之间的联系,事实上三苏对管仲都非常关注,甚至各自都有同题文章《管仲论》,本文正是拟从前人的这些缺憾入手,深入系统地分析研究三苏对管仲的评价与论述,从而深层次地分析管仲的历史影响以及三苏对同一历史人物的相同与不同的看法,更全面地了解三苏其人其事和管仲其人其书。     

《资本论》及其手稿的哲学地位

<资本论>及其手稿的哲学地位,长期以来被理论界低估了,这主要表现在以下几个方面:(1)人们长期以来把<资本论>看做经济学著作,而不是哲学著作,这必然妨碍了对<资本论>哲学意义的开掘;(2)改革开放以后开始了对<资本论>哲学意义的探讨,但大都停留在逻辑学和方法论层面,而没有深入到历史观层面;(3)对<资本论>手稿哲学意义和哲学地位探讨的论著更少.     

Asymmetrical stimulus generalization following differential fear conditioning

Rodent ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are ethologically critical social signals. Rats emit 22 kHz USVs and 50 kHz USVs, respectively, in conjunction with negative and positive affective states. Little is known about what controls emotional reactivity to these social signals. Using male Sprague–Dawley rats, we examined unconditional and conditional freezing behavior in response to the following auditory stimuli: three 22 kHz USVs, a discontinuous tone whose frequency and on–off pattern matched one of the USVs, a continuous tone with the same or lower frequencies, a 4 kHz discontinuous tone with an on–off pattern matched to one of the USVs, and a 50 kHz USV. There were no differences among these stimuli in terms of the unconditional elicitation of freezing behavior. Thus, the stimuli were equally neutral before conditioning. During differential fear conditioning, one of these stimuli (the CS⁺) always co-terminated with a footshock unconditional stimulus (US) and another stimulus (the CS⁻) was explicitly unpaired with the US. There were no significant differences among these cues in CS⁺-elicited freezing behavior. Thus, the stimuli were equally salient or effective as cues in supporting fear conditioning. When the CS⁺ was a 22 kHz USV or a similar stimulus, rats discriminated based on the principal frequency and/or the temporal pattern of the stimulus. However, when these same stimuli served as the CS⁻, discrimination failed due to generalization from the CS⁺. Thus, the stimuli differed markedly in the specificity of conditioning. This strikingly asymmetrical stimulus generalization is a novel bias in discrimination.