The Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale (URCS): reliability and validity evidence for a new measure of relationship closeness

A fundamental dimension along which all social and personal relationships vary is closeness. The Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale (URCS) is a 12-item self-report scale measuring the closeness of social and personal relationships. The reliability and validity of the URCS were assessed with college dating couples (N = 192), female friends and strangers (N = 330), friends (N = 170), and family members (N = 155). The results show that the scale is unidimensional, with high reliability across relationship types (M α = .96). Evidence consistent with validity included substantial within-couple agreement for the romantic couples (intraclass correlation = .41), substantial friend-stranger discrimination for the female friends (η2 = .82), and measurement invariance across relationship types. Evidence of convergent and divergent validity was obtained for inclusion of other in the self and relational satisfaction, respectively.     

Approximant phases,phason planes and domain-boundary networks in Al−Ni−Rh alloys

Structurally complicated ξ′- and ξ-phases have been found, for the first time, in as-cast Al₇₃Ni₅Rh₂₂ and Al₇₅Ni₁₅Rh₁₀ alloys. The lattice parameters of these two phases were determined by means of electron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM). These two phases have similar orthorhombic structures but with different lattice parameters of a?=?23.2?Å, b?=?16.4?Å, c?=?12.0?Å for the ξ′-phase and a?=?20.3?Å, b?=?16.4?Å, c?=?14.8?Å for the ξ-phase. A new two-dimensional domain-boundary network has also been observed in these two phases. Domain boundaries with normals closely parallel to the [001] direction are actually phason planes represented by a translation vector of r?=(1/2)a?+(1/2τ)c in the ξ′-phase and r=±(1/2τ²) a?+(τ/2)c in the ξ-phase, whereas the newly-found wide and zigzag boundaries perpendicular to the above set were attributed from the step-like boundary structures of domains related by a translation vector of r?=(1/τ)((1/2)a?+(1/2τ)c). The structural difference between the two types of planar faults is discussed.     

Scale-dependent fracture mode in Cu–Ni laminate composites

Fracture behavior of Cu–Ni laminate composites has been investigated by tensile testing. It was found that as the individual layer thickness decreases from 100 to 20 nm, the resultant fracture angle of the Cu–Ni laminate changes from 72° to 50°. Cross-sectional observations reveal that the fracture of the Ni layers transforms from opening to shear mode as the layer thickness decreases while that of the Cu layers keeps shear mode. Competition mechanisms were proposed to understand the variation in fracture mode of the metallic laminate composites associated with length scale.     

Site preference of refractory elements in γ′-Ni3Al alloyed with Ru

The influence of ruthenium (Ru) on the partitioning behavior of W, Re and Cr in γ′-Ni₃Al has been studied using the Dmol3 method based on the density functional theory. The calculated results show that W, Re and Cr have a preference for the Ni site in γ′-Ni₃Al alloyed with Ru. When Ru substitutes the central Ni atom, the site preference for W, Re and Cr varies. Furthermore, an electronic structure analysis of the alloy in terms of the Mulliken population and partial density of states was performed to elucidate the alloying mechanism of Ru in γ′-Ni₃Al. The results show that the strengthening effect of Ru in the alloy arises from a reduction in the binding energy of Ru as well as p-orbital hybridization between Ru and the host atoms.     

Phase-transformation-induced hardening in Zn–22Al alloys

A phase-transformation-induced hardening effect is reported in Zn–22Al (Al: 22?wt.%) alloys. The Zn–22Al specimens were held at 300?°C for 10?h and then quenched in water. A hardening effect took place in subsequent artificial aging at 100–200?°C, which was accompanied by a phase decomposition of a soft α ₂ phase and a grain coarsening. The phase-transformation-induced hardening affects the hardness more than the grain-coarsening-induced softening, which leads to the age-hardening phenomenon.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of the size effect of titanium single-crystal nanopillars orientated for double prismatic slips

An inverse “smaller is stronger” trend is predicted on the basis of molecular dynamics simulations of α-titanium (Ti) single-crystal nanopillars orientated for double prismatic slips when the nanopillars are less than 7?nm wide. This trend is attributed to a significant increase in the surface energy due to the nucleation and propagation of edge dislocations on the surface of the pillars.     

Family Correlates of Adolescent Self-Monitoring and Social Competence

The purpose of this study was to investigate linkages between adolescent self-monitoring, global social competence, and parenting and family environment dimensions of support and encouragement of autonomy. The sample consisted of 233 young women and 199 young men at 2 southwestern universities. The primary measures used were the Family Environment Scale (R. H. Moos, 1981), the Parent Behavior Form (L. Worell & J. Worell, 1974), the revised Self-Monitoring Scale (M. Snyder, 1987), and the Texas Social Behavior Inventory (R. Helmreich, J. Stapp, & C. Ervin, 1974). Findings indicated that family variables are more strongly associated with social competence than with self-monitoring; family support was, overall, a more important ingredient of social competence than was autonomy. Women and men had different patterns of associations among specific variables.     

The Reciprocal Relations Between Teachers’ Perceptions of Children's Behavior Problems and Teacher–Child Relationships in the First Preschool Year

To examine the reciprocal relations between teacher–child relationships and children's behavior problems, the authors analyzed cross-lagged longitudinal data on teacher–child relationships and children's internalizing and externalizing problems using a structural equation modeling approach. The homeroom teachers of 105 first-year preschoolers aged 2–3 years filled in the Student–Teacher Relationship Scale and the Child Behavior Checklist/2–3, first at 3 months after the children's preschool entrance and then at the end of the first preschool year. Results showed significant cross-wave reciprocal relations between externalizing problems and teacher–child conflict and significant cross-wave relation from early internalizing problems to later teacher–child conflict. However, the cross-wave associations between internalizing and externalizing problems and teacher–child closeness were not significant.     

An individual's work values in career development

This study examined the mediation effect of career decision self‐efficacy in relation to work values and career decision status. The authors surveyed 308 college students about their own intrinsic (e.g., helping others) and extrinsic (e.g., high income) work values and those of significant others, career decision self‐efficacy, and career decision status. The results indicated that the intrinsic and extrinsic work values of significant others were related to the intrinsic and extrinsic work values of the self and that intrinsic work values were more adaptive than extrinsic work values in career development.     

幼儿教师职业承诺与情绪耗竭:情绪劳动的中介作用

以218名幼儿教师为被试,采用问卷调查法,探讨了职业承诺对情绪耗竭的影响,以及情绪劳动在职业承诺对情绪耗竭影响中的中介效应。结果表明:(1)职业承诺与自然行为、深层行为呈显著正相关,而与表层行为、情绪耗竭呈显著负相关。(2)自然行为、深层行为与情绪耗竭均呈显著负相关,而表层行为与情绪耗竭呈显著正相关。(3)深层行为和表层行为在职业承诺与情绪耗竭关系中起部分中介作用,自然行为在职业承诺与情绪耗竭关系间中介效应不显著。