成年人个性特征与某些认知作业的关系

采用NEO-FFI个性问卷研究了个性特征与记忆、问题解决及视觉搜索反应时的关系。作业难度均属中下。被试为20－85岁四组成年人120名。结果：（1）相关和多元逐步回归分析结果完全一致：外向性（E）对人姓回忆及图形再认有负性预测关系,开放性（O）对人姓回忆及猜图用策略百分比有正性预测关系。（2）控制年龄因素的偏相关结果表明,神经质分（N）和清图用策略百分比,E分和图形再认、人姓回忆,认真负责分（C）和数字、字母、汉字搜索反应时均呈负相关。（3）认知指标加入个人情况诸因素作为自变量与个性特征求多元逐步回归方程显示,解决问题方案数量与E分呈负性预测关系,心理状态等因素与个性预测影响更大。（4）认知作业与个性特征关系各年龄组结果不同,两者关系青年组和老老年组较大,这可能与不同年龄成年人神经系统功能状态差异有关。     

面孔识别的认知模型与电生理学证据

近年来面孔识别的事件相关电位(ERP)研究发展迅速,该文围绕Bruce-Young的面孔识别模型,探讨模型中各认知单元的内涵、作用及相互之间的关系,揭示了面孔识别的认知过程和神经机制。另外,通过ERP研究结果,指出了Bruce-Young的面孔识别模型中的不足之处,由此提出了修正的面孔识别模型。     

家庭功能：理论、影响因素及其与青少年社会适应的关系

该文综述了中西方近20年有关家庭功能的定义、理论、影响因素及家庭功能与青少年社会适应关系的研究进展。有关家庭功能的理论可以分为两大类：以家庭发展结果为取向和以家庭发展过程为取向的家庭功能理论。现有研究主要探讨了家庭结构、社会经济地位、家庭关系、发展阶段、生活事件等对家庭功能的影响,并发现家庭功能与青少年的社会适应有着非常密切的关系。文章最后分析了已有家庭功能理论及相关研究的不足,并指出了未来家庭功能领域的研究方向。     

策略训练对改善老年人词语记忆的作用

本研究采用词的自由回忆、字的自由回忆和联想学习三项作业,分别以归类复述法,联系法和制造联系法进行训练,受试者为老年人60例(平均66.5岁),青年人40例(平均26.8岁),按初测成绩和年龄,文化因素各均分为训练组和对照组。结果:(1)老年组记忆成绩显著较青年组差;(2)老年训练组和青年训练组训练后记忆成绩明显提高;(3)老年训练组训练后记忆成绩相当于未训练的青年组,和训练后的青年组的差距也有所缩小;(4)初测时老年比青年运用记忆策略的显著少些。训练后老年组和青年组运用策略者都显著增多,但前者善用方法的仍少些。运用方法和记忆成绩有显著关系。(5)较少主动运用方法是老年人对信息编码障碍的重要表现,这个缺点可以通过训练得到改善。但编码障碍可能只是老年人记忆障碍的一个原因。     

论全真道龙门派在江南地区的传播与发展

明清时期,龙门派几成全真道之主脉,传遍大江南北,江南地区尤盛。本文对龙门派研究中存在的一些有争议的问题进行了分析,提出在江南传播的龙门派承丘处机之传,形成了"龙门心法"的传承系统,虽然出现了一些分支,但大都具有崇拜吕祖、精严戒律、重视内丹、与正一道相融合等特点。龙门派推动了全真道在江南地区的传播与发展。     

新时期理想信念教育的思考

当前我国社会正处于由计划经济体制向市场经济体制转换,由单一利益主体向多元利益主体的转变过程之中,这些全面而深刻的转变,在人们心灵深处产生了激荡和冲突。复杂的社会现实引发各种思想倾向,一些唯心论、有神论、各种封建迷信趁机得以蔓延,使一些人理想信念发生动摇,出现信仰危机,迷失了前进的方向,甚至腐化堕落成人民     

李明彻考评

李明彻是清朝著名道士、学者。除冼玉清在20世纪50年代的一篇文章外,迄今学术界尚未对李明彻及其科学成就进行深入研究。对李明彻的相关文献进行了总结,并加以考证;对《圜天图说》进行了分类和统计。同时有一些新发现:《广东通志》中的所有绘图为李明彻绘制,而不是一般认为的舆地略7卷;朝斗台在李明彻科学研究过程中基本没起作用。有必要重新认识李明彻的成就,并做出客观的评价。     

咳嗽与咳嗽治疗

咳嗽是临床上常见的症状之一,其对人们健康的影响是辩证的,咳嗽治疗也是辩证的.有需要止咳的,有需要治疗但不是止咳治疗的,有不需要治疗的,还有要鼓励患者咳嗽的.临床上遇到咳嗽患者时,要用辩证的观点进行治疗,辨证施治,用哲学观来看待问题,最终才能解决问题.     

Base Rates,Deception Detection,and Deception Theory: A Reply to Burgoon (2015)

This essay continues a debate about the relative scientific merits of the Park‐Levine Model (PLM) and Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT) with regard to accuracy in deception detection. Key points of disagreement include (a) the degree to which message recipients are sensitive to sender veracity and (b) the extent to which interactivity moderates the veracity and base‐rate effects specified by PLM. According to PLM, people are truth‐biased, truth‐bias makes people insensitive to deception, and as a consequence, base rates affect accuracy regardless of interactivity. IDT, in direct contrast, holds that people are sensitive to the veracity of other's communication and that interactivity is a key moderator. Consistent with PLM, data repeatedly show that people are insensitive to other's veracity and that this insensitivity is general across media affordances including interactivity. This rejoinder uses Burgoon's (2015) own interactive data to demonstrate the empirical superiority of PLM over IDT.     

Phonological storage and executive function deficits in children with mathematics difficulties

Children with mathematics difficulties suffer from working memory deficits. This study investigated the deficit profile of phonological storage and executive functions in working memory among children with mathematics difficulties. Based on multiple instruments and two assessment points, 68 children were screened out of 805 fifth graders. Of these 68 children, 18 were classified as children with only mathematics difficulties (MD), 20 were classified as children with mathematics and reading difficulties (MDRD), and 30 were typically developing (TD) peers matched on age and general ability. Measures for phonological storage, dual-task performance, inhibition, and updating of verbal and numerical materials were administered individually. Results showed that compared with the TD group, children with MD exhibited storage and inhibition deficits specific to numerical information and dual-task deficits of both verbal and numerical information, whereas children with MDRD showed extensive deficits on phonological storage and executive functions on both verbal and numerical tasks. Moreover, executive function deficits were not confined to phonological storage deficits. Implications of the findings for the working memory deficit profile and working memory training among children with mathematics difficulties were discussed.