发散性思维的年龄差异及“位置法”记忆训练的作用

该研究的目的是探讨发散性思维的年龄差异以及“位置法”记忆训练对发散性思维的迁移作用。训练组为经过记忆训练的青年人24名,老年组20名,对照组为相匹配的青年人24名、老年人19名。结果表明:(1)在图形、符号、语义三方面的流畅性、变通性和独特性上,老年组均很显著地比青年组差。青年组的个别差异较大,老年组的更大,尤其是独特性。(2)青年训练组的图形流畅性、独特性及语义的独特性成绩显著优于其对照组,老年训练组图形的变通性有优于其对照组的趋势(P=.052),说明“位置法”记忆训练对发散性思维有一定的间接迁移作用,尤其是对青年人。(3)发散性思维与想象力、数字符号、训练前和训练后词的记忆以及图形的记忆成绩均有很显著正相关。而词汇成绩只与训练组两项发散性思维有显著相关。     

家庭功能与青少年问题行为关系的追踪研究

选取北京市三所中学620名初一和初二的学生为被试,采用追踪调查的方式,先后两次(间隔为九个月)让被试报告其家庭功能和问题行为,以探讨青少年家庭功能和问题行为的发展变化情况,以及家庭功能与青少年问题行为的因果关系。研究发现:(1)青少年的家庭功能和问题行为均存在一定的稳定性,但在任务完成、沟通和卷入方面存在变化,均为后测功能不如前测功能;而危害健康行为随着年龄的增长呈显著下降趋势。(2)家庭功能的每个方面均与青少年问题行为呈显著相关,即家庭功能发挥越好,青少年的问题行为也相应越少。(3)交叉滞后回归分析的结果表明,在更大程度上是家庭功能影响着少年的问题行为,进一步回归分析表明,家庭功能中的卷入维度对青少年问题行为具有显著的预测作用。     

增加卫生改革的伦理含金量——兼论卫生改革中的效率与公平

卫生改革需要有包括卫生改革伦理学理念在内的全方位改革理念的联手支撑。伦理含金量缺失或者不足,卫生改革实践就难以取得圆满成功。因此,目前展开的新一轮卫生改革,必须以“效率与公平合理兼顾”为核心准则,在完善政策、规划目标、组织实施等全过程中切实保证卫生改革伦理学理念准确到位和正常运作。     

在社会比较和时间比较中的自我认识

人们不仅会通过与他人的比较还会通过与过去自我的比较来评价自我。根据以往的研究发现在社会比较和时间比较中自我提高（self-enhancement）动机起了决定性作用。在社会比较中人们会贬低他人,在时间比较中人们会贬低过去的自我,从而来达到提高自我,最终使现在的自我感觉良好。     

Expertise in Deception Detection Involves Actively Prompting Diagnostic Information Rather Than Passive Behavioral Observation

In a proof‐of‐concept study, an expert obtained 100% deception‐detection accuracy over 33 interviews. Tapes of the interactions were shown to N = 136 students who obtained 79.1% accuracy (Mdn = 83.3%, mode = 100%). The findings were replicated in a second experiment with 5 different experts who collectively conducted 89 interviews. The new experts were 97.8% accurate in cheating detection and 95.5% accurate at detecting who cheated. A sample of N = 34 students watched a random sample of 36 expert interviews and obtained 93.6% accuracy. The data suggest that experts can accurately distinguish truths from lies when they are allowed to actively question a potential liar, and nonexperts can obtain high accuracy when viewing expertly questioned senders.     

The Cognitive Architecture of Perceived Animacy: Intention,Attention, and Memory

Human vision supports social perception by efficiently detecting agents and extracting rich information about their actions, goals, and intentions. Here, we explore the cognitive architecture of perceived animacy by constructing Bayesian models that integrate domain‐specific hypotheses of social agency with domain‐general cognitive constraints on sensory, memory, and attentional processing. Our model posits that perceived animacy combines a bottom–up, feature‐based, parallel search for goal‐directed movements with a top–down selection process for intent inference. The interaction of these architecturally distinct processes makes perceived animacy fast, flexible, and yet cognitively efficient. In the context of chasing, in which a predator (the “wolf”) pursues a prey (the “sheep”), our model addresses the computational challenge of identifying target agents among varying numbers of distractor objects, despite a quadratic increase in the number of possible interactions as more objects appear in a scene. By comparing modeling results with human psychophysics in several studies, we show that the effectiveness and efficiency of human perceived animacy can be explained by a Bayesian ideal observer model with realistic cognitive constraints. These results provide an understanding of perceived animacy at the algorithmic level—how it is achieved by cognitive mechanisms such as attention and working memory, and how it can be integrated with higher‐level reasoning about social agency.     

大学生应激与社会支持来源的相关研究

应激在当今大学校园是一个值得关注的问题,国内外的心理学家从不同的角度对其做了研究,并取得了许多有意义的结果.在所有应激的研究领域中,应对是很重要的一块.社会支持作为心对的一个调节变量,受到了众多研究者的关注.本研究将社会支持分为伴随性社会支持和主动性社会支持.结果表明,社会支持与应激水平之间有显著地负相关关系;目前大学生更倾向于主动性社会支持;主动性社会支持对研究对象人际关系维度的应激水平存在有显著的负相关关系.     

论柯恩的“纯粹”一神教

柯恩的纯粹一神教是其犹太哲学思想中的基础性概念。纯粹一神教的基础是上帝的独一性,包括上帝存在的独一性和信仰上帝的方式的纯粹性,它的表征是以色列民族的独一性。正是基于纯粹一神教,柯恩反对犹太复国主义的思想才能得到理解。     

眼见为实?视觉搜索的证实反应与策略反应

为检验视觉搜索加工过程中目标驱动与刺激驱动的制约关系,本研究采用视觉搜索范式,操作靶目标颜色与样例颜色是否匹配,以及搜索刺激集的样例颜色比例两个搜索难度变量;并根据靶目标兴趣区注视点情况,把搜索策略划分为证实反应与策略反应。结果表明,在搜索难度增加时,证实反应的比例下降,而策略反应的比例上升,这表明搜索策略的转换优化了注意选择功能。