禅籍词语考释

禅籍中有大量俗语词意义隐晦,有待诠释。本文结合文献和现今活的方言例证,对“高茅”、“骨底骨董”、“哄哄恫恫”、“轰轰磕磕”、“胶胶缀缀”、“狤狤獠獠”等数则词语作了考释。     

从宗教史看和谐社会的构建

宗教维护社会秩序的和谐稳定表现在:对统治秩序的来源以及被统治者遭受的苦难进行神圣性的解释,教化和强化人们服从现实政治秩序;宗教还调整维护大量的非阶级性的道德关系。当然历史上也有很多掺杂了宗教因素的社会冲突,如中国历史上披着宗教外衣的民变和农民起义,西方历史上的宗教战争和教派冲突。在现代社会,贯彻宪法规定的宗教自由原则,完全可以用民主和法治的手段来预防和解决这类社会冲突。过去宗教突出倡导的容忍精神,可以转化为现代人际之间和文明之间的宽容精神;过去宗教强调的对权力和意志的服从,可以转变为现代的对法律和契约的服从———服从精神对于任何一个社会的正常运转与和谐稳定都至关重要。扬长避短,把握分寸,宗教就完全可以成为构建和谐社会的得力助手。     

Pilot study for assessing the behaviors of patients with schizophrenia towards a virtual avatar.

This study examined whether a virtual avatar could be perceived as a real human by patients with mental disease, especially schizophrenia, as well as whether a virtual avatar could be applied to acquiring patients' behavior characteristics in a short conversation situation. The virtual avatar has been used for various applications which need to communicate with other person or to train or educate by showing humanlike behavior. Recently, many researches have shown that the virtual avatar technology has been enhanced and the avatar could be perceived like real human. A virtual avatar, standing in a virtual room, was designed for this study. Tasks to approach, initiate a talk, and answer to avatar's questions was assigned to the 11 patients with schizophrenia. As behavioral parameters in the virtual environment, the interpersonal distance and the verbal response time were acquired. In addition, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for patients was administered in order to investigate the relationship between patients' symptomatic characteristics and behavior parameters. The interpersonal distance was negatively correlated with the negative syndrome scale, a subscale of PANSS, which is consistent with previous research reporting the relationship between interpersonal distance and a real person's image. The verbal response time, however, was not correlated with any other subscale of PANSS. After analyzing subitems of the negative syndrome of PANSS, two positive correlations were found: one was with blunted affect and the other was with poor rapport. We concluded that the virtual avatar could be perceived as a real human by schizophrenic patients and the avatar could draw the schizophrenic patients' behavior characteristics.     

别对我期望太高：运动领域中的自我设限

运动领域中存在自我设限行为。自我设限是指个体针对可能到来的失败威胁而事先设计障碍的自我保护策略,可分为行动式自我设限及自陈式自我设限。抬举他人也是一种特殊形式的自我设限。自我设限的动机有自我价值和印象管理两种理论解释。与自我设限相关的因素包括归因、自尊、目标定向、群体凝聚力、任务性质及性别等。在前人研究的基础上,从实践的角度为教练员正确处理自我设限问题提供了建议。从理论上提出身体自尊可能是运动员整体自尊和自我设限之间的中介变量     

奎因彻底翻译的不确定性论题

奎因在《语词和对象》这部著作中第一次提出了翻译的不确定性论题,这一论题的提出,引起了广泛的论证与反驳。通过分析奎因本人对此论题的分析与论证,可以看出:翻译的不确定性论题是奎因哲学思想整体中不可分割的一个部分;是对“经验论的两个教条”在语言中的继续批判;是他的整体论思想的逻辑发展;以及本体论相对性思想的理论前提。通过分析戴维森、大卫·刘易斯、普特南论对翻译的不确定性论题的分析与论证,可以使我们对彻底翻译的不确定性论题有一个更好的把握。     

自尊结构的压力调节作用研究

内隐自尊和外显自尊是自尊的两种不同元素,自尊结构指的是外显自尊和内隐自尊在个体身上的不同结合形式。本研究探讨了自尊结构对个体压力的调节作用。研究发现:个体的高内隐自尊/外显自尊结构表现出对压力性生活事件的调节作用,高外显自尊/低内隐自尊、低外显自尊/高内隐自尊、低外显/内隐自尊个体没有表现出压力的调节效应。研究最后探讨了自尊结构研究的可能发展方向。     

智障儿童和正常儿童外显记忆与内隐记忆的比较研究

本实验采取加工分离程序(PDP)对38名弱智儿童的外显记忆与内隐记忆进行研究,并与47名正常儿童进行比较,结果认为:(1)正常儿童外显记忆明显优于弱智儿童,但在内隐记忆方面,正常儿童与弱智儿童没有显著差异;(2)本实验中,年龄对内隐记忆和外显记忆均没有影响。研究结果对弱智儿童的教育方面有启示作用;另外,PDP实验由于其本身的复杂性,在对特殊人群进行施测时,需要特别注意。     

认知心理学产生的历史背景分析

本文从外因与内因相结合,外因通过内因起作用的观点分析了认知心理学产生的历史背景。外因主要是信息论、控制论、计算机科学和乔姆斯基语言学的影响。内因主要是早期实验心理学的心理主义传统的影响,特别是冯特、顿德斯、屈尔佩、格式塔心理学、新行为主义以及近代布鲁纳的新观点等的影响。     

儿童学校适应的分类及判定

以6579名小学三、五年级学生为被试,采用聚类分析和判别分析方法,结果表明:(1)根据儿童学校适应的指标将儿童的学校适应状况分为良好型、闲适型、紧张型、高危型四种类型.(2)良好型的儿童,在学业自我评估、学业动机和心理健康水平三个水平上的得分为正向,在问题行为上的得分为负;高危型儿童的结果与适应良好型的儿童完全相反;而在闲适型的儿童中,学业动机为负、心理健康水平为正;在紧张型的儿童中,学业动机为正向、而心理健康水平是负向的.(3)建立儿童学校适应的判别函数,为儿童在教育和心理问题进行指导提供了初步诊断依据,同时也对有关学校适应的研究提供新的视角.     

We Believe in Being Honest: Examining Subcultural Differences in the Acceptability of Deception1

Perceptions of lie acceptability vary as a function of the motivation for the lie, the relationship between deceiver and deceived, and the perceiver's cultural background. The current study examines the relation between one cultural background—that is, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐Day Saints (LDS)—and perceptions of lie acceptability, and whether this varies as a function of lie and rater characteristics. Participants rated lie acceptability in 12 scenarios varying lie motivation and lie recipient. Overall, the LDS group rated lies as less acceptable than did the non‐LDS group, and lie acceptability varied according to lie motivation and lie recipient. Participant age was negatively correlated with lie acceptability. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.