The influence of expertise and of physical complexity on visual short-term memory consolidation

We investigated whether the expertise of a perceiver and the physical complexity of a stimulus influence consolidation of visual short-term memory (VSTM) in a S1-S2 (Stimulus 1-Stimulus 2) change detection task. Consolidation is assumed to make transient perceptual representations in VSTM more durable, and it is investigated by postexposure of a mask shortly after offset of the perceived stimulus (S1; 17 to 483?ms). We presented colours, Chinese characters, pseudocharacters, and novel symbols to novices (Germans) or experts of Chinese language (Chinese readers). Physical complexity was manipulated by the number of strokes. Unfamiliar material was remembered worse than familiar material (Experiments 1, 2, and 3). For novices the absolute VSTM performance was better for physically simple than for complex material, whereas for experts the complexity did not matter-Chinese readers memorized Chinese characters (Experiment 3). Articulatory suppression did not change these effects (Experiment 2). We always observed a strong effect of SOA, but this effect was influenced neither by physical complexity nor by expertise; only the length of the interstimulus interval between S1 and the mask was relevant. This was observed even with short stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 100?ms (Experiment 2) and in comparing colours and characters (Experiment 5). However, masks impaired memory if they were presented at the locations of the to-be-memorized items, but not beside them-that is, interference was location-based (Experiment 6). We explain the effect of SOA by the assumption that it takes time to stop encoding of information presented at item locations with the offset of S1. The increasing resistance against interference by irrelevant material appears as consolidation of S1.     

应对研究的回顾与展望

本文简要回顾了应对研究的历史,包括应对的概念、理论思想、测量的研究,以及主要影响因素。并对未来的研究方向提出了展望。     

The role of organizational insiders' developmental feedback and proactive personality on newcomers' performance: an interactionist perspective

Drawing from an interactionist approach and feedback research, we examine the role of developmental feedback and proactive personality on newcomer task performance and helping behavior. Data were collected from 2 high-tech joint-ventures within the information technology and manufacturing industries located in Shanghai, China. Results based on 151 newcomer-manager dyads showed that supervisor developmental feedback (SDF) positively related to newcomer helping behavior and that SDF and coworker developmental feedback interactively predicted newcomer task performance. We also found differential moderating effects of proactive personality: SDF more strongly related to helping behavior when proactive personality was lower; conversely, coworker developmental feedback more strongly related to helping behavior when proactive personality was higher.     

图形型归纳推理的神经机制:一项fMRI研究

利用fMRI脑成像技术探讨图形型归纳推理的神经机制。设计了一种由图形形状和条纹方向描述的简单几何图形组成的归纳推理任务,这种图形型任务与以往研究中常用的语句型归纳推理任务是同质的。根据两个图形共享特征数量的不同设计了两种实验任务:共享两个特征(2T)和共享一个特征(1T),以休息基线(Rest)作为控制任务。2T和1T任务均为归纳推理任务,但2T任务包含知觉特征整合成分,而1T任务不包括。结果发现:与控制任务相比,归纳推理任务在前额区(BA6、9、11、46、47)、尾状核、壳核和丘脑等脑区有显著激活,反映了"前额皮层-纹状体-丘脑"通路在图形型归纳推理中的重要作用;图形型归纳推理中的知觉信息整合与右侧额下回(BA47)、双侧尾状核头部、壳核等脑区有关。     

谢灵运寄居钱塘杜治与家族信仰的中断

因族人的急剧凋零、子孙难得,年仅4岁的谢灵运开始寄居在钱塘杜治。在寄居的早期谢灵运可能比较严格地遵循道教的戒规;但随年龄的增长以及家族重任的承担,谢灵运不得不回到祖居地,接受一个高门子弟所必需的教育。但这种往返情形却最终因孙恩起义、杜子恭的去世而被迫中断;这也中断了本来能继续的家族信仰。寄居钱塘由此成了谢灵运不堪回首,甚至讳忌的往事,由比在其现存的作品中也仅能看到一点不无晦涩、难懂的记载。这也是现今难以确考的一个重要原因。     

现代性和虚无主义

西方文化语境中的虚无主义是一种精神世界的价值虚空状态,是现代性的特征。列斐伏尔彰显现代性的虚无主义本质,从虚无主义切入现代性,从虚无中看到了希望,认为现代既是虚无主义的时代,也将是新生的时代。这对于我们认清自己的现代性建构道路及目标具有重要启迪意义,当代中国以人为本、和谐社会等核心价值理念能帮助人摆脱虚无主义。     

信任是改善医患关系的关键

目前医患关系紧张,医疗纠纷频繁,同时又是新闻媒体追逐的热点,追究其原因是医患之间的不信任。如果医患之间成为相互信任的朋友,医患之间多一些相互理解,医生掌握精湛的医术,具备良好的沟通能力,做一个充满阳光的常常带给患者乐观情绪、鼓励话语、轻松气氛的医生,加上医疗体制的改革,应该可以有效改善紧张的医患关系。     

先秦齐国音乐繁荣原因之我见

先秦时期的齐国,在其长达800多年的历史中,创造了光辉灿烂的齐文化,而作为齐文化组成部分的音乐,不仅具有鲜明的特色,而且异常地繁荣。其繁荣的原因,与悠久的传统、统治者和民众的喜好有很大关系,而与发达经济之间的关系则更为深厚。研究齐国音乐繁荣的景象和原因,不仅是齐文化研究的需要,而且对建设和谐社会也具有积极意义。     

从《世说新语》看晋宋之际道教的发展

作为记载魏晋间名士风流的集子《世说新语》,其对佛、道区别对待的态度,固然有各种外在因素的影响,但最根本的还是僧人、道士各自的价值取向,即僧人凭借清谈、雅致与高门士人周旋,而道士凭借技术、操作向上层渗透,造成了这种偏差和分野。道教的这种取向,是历史传统、地域影响的结果;从史籍的记载,以及道士受到的教育能明显地看出这一微妙的变迁。而这一转变极大地影响了此后道教的发展进程。     

躯体变形障碍与美容整形术前心理评估

躯体变形障碍是一种并不罕见的精神障碍,其临床表现的特殊性使大多数患者以普通求术者的身份出现在美容整形科医生面前。然而,关容整形手术非但不能解决患者的心理问题,更可能引发复杂的医疗纠纷。基于躯体变形障碍在美容整形科呈高发生率的特点,文章对美容整形术前心理评估的必要性和现状进行分析,并列举了有效的评估工具以提高心理评估的准确性。