A Critical Assessment of Null Hypothesis Significance Testing in Quantitative Communication Research

Null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) is the most widely accepted and frequently used approach to statistical inference in quantitative communication research. NHST, however, is highly controversial, and several serious problems with the approach have been identified. This paper reviews NHST and the controversy surrounding it. Commonly recognized problems include a sensitivity to sample size, the null is usually literally false, unacceptable Type II error rates, and misunderstanding and abuse. Problems associated with the conditional nature of NHST and the failure to distinguish statistical hypotheses from substantive hypotheses are emphasized. Recommended solutions and alternatives are addressed in a companion article.     

读《儒行》札记

《儒行》同见于《礼记》和《孔子家语》,应出于孔门弟子所记,并经整理而成,其成书年代当在春秋战国之际。不过,《孔子家语.儒行解》与《礼记.儒行》相较,则更为原始。《儒行》对于理解孔子思想和原始儒学,是最为系统而完整的论述,理应得到学者的重视。     

What Does it Take to Break the Silence in Teams: Authentic Leadership and/or Proactive Followership?

Leadership may help break the silence in teams, but this may not be equally true for all employees. Using behavioral plasticity theory, we propose that authentic leadership—a set of leadership behaviors through which leaders enact their true selves—reduces silence and motivates speaking up in employees low on proactive personality, but hardly affects employees who are proactive by nature, because proactive employees are less susceptible to social influences. Using data from 223 employees (nested in 45 work teams), we indeed find authentic leadership to reduce silence in employees with less proactive personalities, but not in more proactive employees. We discuss theoretical and practical implications for silence and authentic leadership.     

毛泽东的“实践智慧”的辩证法——重读《实践论》《矛盾论》

毛泽东的《实践论》和《矛盾论》既是实践论的矛盾论,又是矛盾论的实践论。从理论性质上看,这两部著作都是实践论的认识论;从理论内容上看,这两部著作都是实践论的辩证法;从理论渊源上看,这两部著作都发挥了"辩证法也就是认识论"的基本思想;从现实意义上看,这两部著作都是指导实践的世界观和方法论。毛泽东的实践智慧的辩证法或辩证法的实践智慧使得"灰色"的理论变得熠熠生辉,使得"朴素"的现实变得厚重深沉。在实践智慧中,现实活化了理论,理论照亮了现实。《实践论》《矛盾论》的"实践智慧"开辟了马克思主义哲学中国化的正确道路。     

Mental Disorders,Comorbidity, and Pre‐enlistment Suicidal Behavior Among New Soldiers in the U.S. Army: Results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS)

We examined the associations between mental disorders and suicidal behavior (ideation, plans, and attempts) among new soldiers using data from the New Soldier Study (NSS) component of the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS; N = 38,507). Most new soldiers with a pre‐enlistment history of suicide attempt reported a prior mental disorder (59.0%). Each disorder examined was associated with increased odds of suicidal behavior (ORs = 2.6–8.6). Only PTSD and disorders characterized by irritability and impulsive/aggressive behavior (i.e., bipolar disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder) predicted unplanned attempts among ideators. Mental disorders are important predictors of pre‐enlistment suicidal behavior among new soldiers and should figure prominently in suicide screening and prevention efforts.     

井田制研究理学化典范的宋代生成

宋代的理学思潮重塑了由汉代郑玄以来井田制研究的汉学典范,进而形成了一个新典范,即井田制研究的理学化典范。井田制研究的汉学典范困境和宋代理学思潮的冲击是井田制研究理学化开启的前提条件。宋代井田制研究的理学化是一个过程,又可分为两期。前期为井田制研究的理学思潮化阶段。北宋欧阳修是井田制理学化的早期实践者,他将理学批判和理学形上论运用到井田制的研究中,这是井田制研究理学化的开端。其后,宋儒井田制研究的重点是批判汉儒的方法和观点,但忽视形而上的研究,破而不立,并没有建立新典范的意识。后期是井田制研究的理学典范化阶段。南宋朱熹的研究扭转了两宋以来重批判轻形上的风气,将典范所依据的经典由《周礼》转向《孟子》;将所要诠释的井田制模式由《周礼》井田制沟洫制转为《孟子》九夫为井制;确立了以义理为本、典制为末观念为制度阐释的原则。朱熹的相关研究标志着井田制理学化典范的形成。井田制研究理学化过程是理学思潮重塑汉唐以来经学研究的面貌的过程,也是理学思潮自身调适和转向的过程。通过对井田制研究理学化过程的考察,可以丰富理学思潮如何成为典范的认知,也可以为汉学转向宋学的内在理路提供新的解释。     

Difficult name,cold man: Chinese names,gender stereotypicality and trustworthiness

Names can play an important role in forming first impressions. While much of the literature has demonstrated how alphabet-based names influence impression formation, little is known about how character-based names (e.g., Chinese names) affect interpersonal trust. Across six studies, we demonstrated that a difficult-to-recognise Chinese name with less frequently used characters activated masculine perception, which in turn decreased trust in the name holder. The masculine inferences from difficult names were replicated across within-subjects (Study 1a and 1b) and between-subjects judgements and maintained irrespective of normative knowledge about difficult names as male names (Study 1c). The mediation of gender stereotypicality was manifested in both measured spontaneous gender inference (Study 2a and Study 2b) and manipulated gender information (Study 2c). The effects of recognisability on masculine and trust perceptions were independent of pronunciationability (Study 2b). This research extends previous research by revealing the implications of character-based names and pictographic language on the feeling-as-information theory, also in terms of interpersonal contexts.