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111.
Although case studies can provide insight into children's eyewitness memory, the typical lack of objective record limits evaluation of accuracy. In contrast, in this ‘scientific case study’, a detailed record of child sexual assault, documented by a ‘sex ring’ leader and confiscated by police, was available. In police interviews and courtroom hearings, four girls (8 to 15 years old at time of report) testified about sexual exploitation that involved eight adult men. The girls' allegations were compared with evidence contained in photographic and audiotaped records of the abuse. Overall, there was supportive evidence for about 80% of the allegations (85.6% of the alleged sexual acts; 42.9% of the alleged coercive acts; and 82.5% of the alleged preparatory acts). Levels of support for sexual act allegations were similar for all four girls, regardless of age, but the younger child made more unsupported allegations of coercive behaviour. Additionally, there were high levels of omission errors. Findings are discussed in the context of research on eyewitness testimony and child sexual abuse. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of redundant and relevant visual cues on spatial pattern learning. Rats searched for hidden food items on the tops of poles that formed a square (Experiment 1) or a checkerboard (Experiment 2) pattern. The experimental groups were trained with visual cues that specified the locations of the baited poles. All groups were tested without visual cues so that any overshadowing or facilitation of spatial pattern learning by visual cues could be detected. Spatial choices were controlled by the spatial pattern and by the visual cues in both experiments. However, there was no evidence of overshadowing or facilitation of spatial pattern learning by visual cues in either experiment. The results are consistent with the idea that the representation of the spatial pattern that guides choices is not controlled by the same learning processes as those that produce associations between visual cues and food locations. 相似文献
116.
Agronick G Stueve A Vargo S O'Donnell L 《American journal of community psychology》2007,39(1-2):79-90
This research examines psychological distress among 955 economically disadvantaged New York City residents surveyed during
high school and again after the September 11th terrorist attacks (9/11), when they were young adults. As part of the longitudinal
Reach for Health study, young adult surveys were conducted from 6–19 months post-9/11 (average 8 months), providing opportunity
to assess types of exposures and psychological distress, including symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression,
hopelessness, and anger. Regressions of psychological distress on 9/11 exposure were performed, controlling for high school
distress, prior exposure to violence victimization, and socio-demographic characteristics. Exposure to 9/11 was positively
associated with anger, hopelessness, and PTSD symptoms and a measure of global distress. The relationship was greater among
women for PTSD symptoms. Although those who reported high school distress also reported more distress in young adulthood,
prior psychological distress did not moderate the relationship between exposure and psychological outcomes. Greater exposure
is related to distress among those who, during high school, reported lower distress, as well as among those who reported prior
greater distress. 相似文献
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Social Neuroscience: Progress and Implications for Mental Health 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
John T. Cacioppo David G. Amaral Jack J. Blanchard Judy L. Cameron C. Sue Carter David Crews Susan Fiske Todd Heatherton Marcia K. Johnson Michael J. Kozak Robert W. Levenson Catherine Lord Earl K. Miller Kevin Ochsner Marcus E. Raichle M. Tracie Shea Shelley E. Taylor Larry J. Young Kevin J. Quinn 《Perspectives on Psychological Science》2007,2(2):99-123
ABSTRACT— Social neuroscience is a new, interdisciplinary field devoted to understanding how biological systems implement social processes and behavior. Social neuroscience capitalizes on biological concepts and methods to inform and refine theories of social behavior, and it uses social and behavioral constructs and data to inform and refine theories of neural organization and function. We focus here on the progress and potential of social neuroscience in the area of mental health. Research in social neuroscience has grown dramatically in recent years. Among the most active areas of research we found are brain-imaging studies in normal children and adults; animal models of social behavior; studies of stroke patients; imaging studies of psychiatric patients; and research on social determinants of peripheral neural, neuroendocrine, and immunological processes. We also found that these areas of research are proceeding along largely independent trajectories. Our goals in this article are to review the development of this field, examine some currently promising approaches, identify obstacles and opportunities for future advances and integration, and consider how this research can inform work on the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. 相似文献
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Sue DW Capodilupo CM Torino GC Bucceri JM Holder AM Nadal KL Esquilin M 《The American psychologist》2007,62(4):271-286
Racial microaggressions are brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults toward people of color. Perpetrators of microaggressions are often unaware that they engage in such communications when they interact with racial/ethnic minorities. A taxonomy of racial microaggressions in everyday life was created through a review of the social psychological literature on aversive racism, from formulations regarding the manifestation and impact of everyday racism, and from reading numerous personal narratives of counselors (both White and those of color) on their racial/cultural awakening. Microaggressions seem to appear in three forms: microassault, microinsult, and microinvalidation. Almost all interracial encounters are prone to microaggressions; this article uses the White counselor--client of color counseling dyad to illustrate how they impair the development of a therapeutic alliance. Suggestions regarding education and training and research in the helping professions are discussed. 相似文献
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