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171.
Odor Semantics and Visual Cues: What We Smell Impacts Where We Look,What We Remember,and What We Want to Buy 下载免费PDF全文
The current research uses eye‐tracking technology in a consumer context to explore the interactive effects of olfactory and visual cues on consumers' eye gaze patterns. We manipulate the semantic correspondence between pictorial objects depicted in print advertisements and odors smelled (or not) while looking at the ads. The results indicate that smelling a scent that shares learned semantic associations with an object in the advertisement diverts consumers' eye gazes to the semantically related object in the ad, with positive downstream effects on advertising recall and purchase intent. This is the first study we are aware of demonstrating multisensory integration of odors and pictures on consumer eye gaze patterns with clear implications for consumer choice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
172.
Existing laboratory-based research in adult samples has suggested that anxiety sensitivity (AS) increases an individual's propensity to experience pain-related anxiety, which in turn enhances pain responsivity. Such relationships have not been examined in younger populations. Thus, the present study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test a conceptual model in which AS would evidence an indirect relationship with pain intensity via its contribution to state-specific anticipatory anxiety in relation to a variety of laboratory pain tasks (cold pressor, thermal heat, and pressure pain) in 234 healthy children (116 girls; mean age = 12.6 years, range = 8-18 years). The model further hypothesized that existing anxious symptomatology would demonstrate a direct relationship with pain intensity. Results of the SEM supported the proposed conceptual model with the total indirect effect of AS accounting for 29% of the variance in laboratory pain intensity via its effects on pain-related anticipatory anxiety. AS did not however, evidence a direct relationship with pain intensity. Anxious symptomatology on the other hand, demonstrated a significant direct effect on pain intensity, accounting for 15% of variance. The combined effects of AS, anxiety symptoms, and anticipatory anxiety together explained 62% of the variance in pain intensity. These relationships did not differ for boys and girls, indicating no moderating effect of sex in the proposed model. The present results support the potential benefit of assessing both AS and anxiety symptoms in children prior to undergoing painful stimulation. 相似文献
173.
Using SAS PROC NLMIXED to fit item response theory models 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Researchers routinely construct tests or questionnaires containing a set of items that measure personality traits, cognitive
abilities, political attitudes, and so forth. Typically, responses to these items are scored in discrete categories, such
as points on a Likert scale or a choice out of several mutually exclusive alternatives. Item response theory (IRT) explains
observed responses to items on a test (questionnaire) by a person’s unobserved trait, ability, or attitude. Although applications
of IRT modeling have increased considerably because of its utility in developing and assessing measuring instruments, IRT
modeling has not been fully integrated into the curriculum of colleges and universities, mainly because existing general purpose
statistical packages do not provide built-in routines with which to perform IRT modeling. Recent advances in statistical theory
and the incorporation of those advances into general purpose statistical software such as the Statistical Analysis System
(SAS) allow researchers to analyze measurement data by using a class of models known as generalized linear mixed effects models
(McCulloch & Searle, 2001), which include IRT models as special cases. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the generality
and flexibility of using SAS to estimate IRT model parameters. With real data examples, we illustrate the implementations
of a variety of IRT models for dichotomous, polytomous, and nominal responses. Since SAS is widely available in educational
institutions, it is hoped that this article will contribute to the spread of IRT modeling in quantitative courses. 相似文献
174.
Covenant marriage is a legally distinct marriage license available in Arizona, Louisiana, and Arkansas in the United States. This study revisited one of the largest longitudinal dyadic studies on covenant versus standard newlywed couples. Using this dataset of 677 different-sex couples, we explored whether being in a covenant marriage could predict how marital satisfaction developed over the first five marital years. We applied the Growth Mixture Modeling (GMM) method to identify groups that differed in their initial marital satisfaction and trajectory. The results revealed three different trajectory groups—one group showing high and stable marital satisfaction, which we named High Stable, and two groups showing declines in marital satisfaction, one being medium and the other one being low in satisfaction at the beginning of the marriage, and we named them Medium Declining and Low Declining respectively. Spouses with lower initial marital satisfaction experienced a faster decline and suffered the highest divorce rate. Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) analysis revealed that one's group membership was predicted by their partner's membership, suggesting a mutual influence on marital development. Being in a covenant marriage was able to predict husbands' membership as covenant husbands were found to be more likely in the high stable group. 相似文献
175.
Su Liu Lu Zheng Alexander Scott English Thomas Talhelm Junjie Sun Shuhong Xu 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2023,17(8):e12786
The COVID-19 pandemic may have been a difficult time to join a new organization. Drawing on the feelings-as-information theory, this study explores how COVID-19 lockdown anxiety influenced newcomers' job satisfaction during their first few months of work. We tested 357 new employees working in 84 cities across China. We conducted a longitudinal study, and participants were invited to complete the same survey at two time points. Cross-lagged panel analysis was conducted to test our hypotheses. We confirmed that COVID-19 lockdown anxiety at Time 1 predicted less job satisfaction at Time 2, whereas the data did not support the idea of reverse causality. These findings suggest public health crises like the pandemic can impact newcomers' job satisfaction, especially during China's Zero-Covid Policy. 相似文献
176.
Claudia J. Coulton Jill E. Korbin Marilyn Su 《American journal of community psychology》1996,24(1):5-32
Awareness of worsening conditions in urban areas has led to a growing interest in how neighborhood context affects children.
Although the ecological perspective within child development has acknowledged the relevance of community factors, methods
of measuring the neighborhood context for children have been quite limited. An approach to measuring neighborhood environments
was tested using the average perceptions of caregivers of young children sampled from high- and low-risk block groups. Individual-
and aggregate-level reliabilities and discriminant validity were acceptable for dimensions of neighborhood quality and change,
participation in block organizations, disorder and incivilities, service usage and quality, and retaliation against adults.
However, for measures of neighborhood interaction and the tendency of adults to intervene with children, there was virtually
no agreement among respondents within block groups, resulting in poor aggregate reliability. A model of variability may be
a more promising way of characterizing neighborhoods along these dimensions.
This research was supported primarily by a grant from The Foundation for Child Development, as well as support from the Cleveland
Foundation. 相似文献
177.
在被动触觉实验中,被试的手保持不动,将各种弦长和弧高的曲线刺激轻轻接触食指腹侧或以一定速度通过其表面,要求被试判定曲线两端点的直线距离,在一根量尺上复现出来。结果发现:(1)当曲线刺激快速通过皮肤表面时,其两端点的知觉距离小于静止和慢速运动条件下的知觉距离,出现时空相互作用;(2)曲线的弧高(曲率)对其两端点的知觉距离有重要影响,弧高大的会导致较小的知觉距离,弧高小的则会导致较大的知觉距离;这种弧高的影响可称作“弧线效应”,其存在不依赖于曲线刺激的运动状态。作者联系两点距离辨别中可能应用的启发式策略来讨论实验结果。 相似文献
178.
179.
本实验采用多点定位作业,结合部分报告法,研究视觉刺激的整体结构对定位成绩的影响。所呈现的刺激为1、2、3或4个颜色点。其中2、3、4点刺激分别是直线、正三角形和正方形。结果发现,当呈现时间较长时,1点和2、3、4点的定位误差无显著差异。但是1点的定位反应时却显著少于2、3、4点。这提示出现视觉定位的结构效应。而当呈现时间较短时,却没有这种结构效应。实验还发现,这种结构效应并不因刺激结构的不同而有区别。 相似文献
180.