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941.
The principles underlying the coordination of limb movements with different spatiotemporal features were explored. After an initial training session in which the same unidirectional movement had to be performed with both upper limbs, subjects attempted to coordinate two different movements in a second session, i.e., the learned unidirectional movement in the left limb and a new double reversal movement in the right limb. The findings uncovered a wide variety in patterns of interlimb dependence among and within subjects, going from a high degree of dependence to relative independence. The relationship between limbs was studied by means of a detailed analysis of the displacement and acceleration patterns and the electromyographic activity of the major muscles involved. The general underlying principle that appeared to account for the diversity in movement organization was this: higher independence between limb movements is achieved when subjects initiate the movements to be coordinated successively. This asynchrony in movement onset can possibly be viewed as an attempt to safeguard against interference. 相似文献
942.
David W. Harrison Maryjo R. Gavin Walter Isaac 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1988,10(3):217-224
The design of a versatile and programmable transducer amplifier device with analogue display for self-monitoring of autonomic responses is described. The design features low cost, portability, and flexibility across direct-current transducer options (e.g., photoplethysmograph or thermistor). The device can be used for the visual or auditory display of continuous blood volume pulse or temperature measures where the relative amplitude or pulse rate is of concern. Auditory or visual biofeedback may be provided via the choice of a stacked bar-graph display or piezoelectric buzzer. A common circuit design to allow programming options for the estimation of heart rate, inter-beat interval, or pulse duration is provided. 相似文献
943.
944.
Walter Toman PhD 《Contemporary Family Therapy》1989,11(1):3-20
An individual friendship system is composed of the friends a person has had and/or still has. Individual friendship systems can be characterized objectively in similar ways as can family constellations. The data of a questionnaire study of individual friendship systems and respective family backgrounds of more than 400 subjects revealed greater differentiation and variation with age as well as with the presumed absence of conflict, disruption, and loss in a person's social development. Various interactions between family backgrounds could be traced. To illustrate the practical use of characteristics of a person's individual friendship system two clinical cases matched for age and family background, one with a mild neurotic problem and the other severely disturbed, were compared.Based on a lecture first given at the Family Therapy Symposium of Georgetown University, Washington, DC, on November 9, 1986. 相似文献
945.
946.
The mental model theory of reasoning postulates that individuals reason by constructing models of the situation described by premises. The more models reasoners have to build, the harder a problem will be. Byrne and Johnson-Laird (1989) confirmed this prediction with spatial problems and Schaeken et al. (1996 a, b) with temporal ones. There is, however, a problem with these studies. All the multiple-model problems and some of the one-model problems contained an irrelevant premise. As Rips (1994) argues, it is possible that an irrelevant premise would complicate the search for a derivation. The present paper reports an experiment which explicitly manipulated the presence of such an irrelevant premise in both one-model and multiple-model problems. The results corroborate the predictions of the mental model theory. 相似文献
947.
Using monocular observation, open-loop measurements were obtained of the perceptions of linear size, angular size, and sagittal motion associated with the terminal (largest or smallest) stimuli of repetitive optical expansions and contractions using 1-D or 2-D displays produced on a video monitor at a constant distance from the observer. The perceptions from these dynamic conditions were compared with those from static conditions in which the stimuli were of the same physical size and at the same physical distance as the terminal dynamic stimuli, but that were not part of the optical expansions or contractions. One result, as expected, was that the measures of perceived linear and angular size differed, but also, unexpectedly, some substantial errors were associated with the measures of perceived angular size. Another result was that the amount of size constancy was considerably less than was expected from the obtained amount of perceived motion in depth. Consistent with the latter result, it was found that the size-distance invariance hypothesis (SDIH), using the physical visual angles of the terminal stimuli, predicted only about half of the perceived motion in depth obtained with the dynamic changes. Using the obtained measures of perceived visual angles in the SDIH increased rather than decreased the error in predicting the amount of motion in depth as perceived. An additional experiment suggests that at least some of the error in the measurement of the perceived visual angle is a consequence of error in the perceived origin of the visual angles. The absence of the expected relation between size constancy and perceived motion in depth in the dynamic conditions is hypothesized to be due to cognitive processes associated with off-sized perceptions of the stimuli. 相似文献
948.
949.
Siegfried Streufert Usha Satish Rosanne Pogash Dennis Gingrich J. Richard Landis Lisa Lonardi Jill Miller Walter Severs John D. Roache 《Journal of applied social psychology》1996,26(21):1912-1930
Benzodiazepines can reduce anxiety, can have favorable effects upon sleep, and may diminish problems that interfere with patients' quality of life. On the other hand, these drugs can generate transient anterograde amnesia and may diminish aspects of task performance. Research on the impact of alprazolam and other “tranquilizing” drugs has generally focused on tasks that remain below the complex efforts of managerial or professional personnel. Alprazolam-induced reduction of anxiety under challenging conditions might aid complex task performance, yet anterograde amnesia might interfere. In the present research, managers participated in validated complex simulation tasks. In a double-blind, dual crossover design, placebo, 0.5 mg, or 1.0 mg alprazolam was administered on 2 occasions during the task day. Drug treatment diminished performance on measures that require sequential actions but improved performance on measures less subject to short term memory but more determined by long-term style of functioning. Thus, depending on task requirements, positive or negative alteration of performance might occur. 相似文献
950.
Marc A. Zimmerman Jesus Ramirez-Valles Kathleen M. Washienko Benjamin Walter Sandra Dyer 《American journal of community psychology》1996,24(2):295-310
Enculturation is the process by which individuals learn about and identify with their ethnic minority culture. It is distinguished
from acculturation which refers to the process by which an ethnic minority individual is assimilated into the majority culture.
Three studies with Native American youths are reported that describe the development of a measure of enculturation for Native
American youths. Development of a measure of enculturation provides a foundation upon which to build a body of literature
that focuses on strengths in a youth's life rather than on deficits. Results of the first study (n=120), a confirmatory factor analysis, indicated that cultural affinity, Native American identity, and family involvement
in traditional activities adequately represent the construct of enculturation. The study also provides some convergent validity
for this interpretation. The second study examines factor invariance for enculturation among youths with data from over 2
years (n=69). The factor structure was similar across time. The third study replicates the factor structure and validity analyses
with a new sample (n=42). Usefulness of the measure for assessing protective factors and stressing ethnicity over simple assessment of race categories
is discussed.
We would like to thank the Tribe that participated in this study and especially the youth and their parents who agreed to
participate. We would also like to thank the Tribal staff youth workers who helped us on many aspects of the study. This research
was supported by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Grant No. 1 H86 SPO1835-01A1 to the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa/Chippewa
Indians.
Benjamin Walter and Kathleen Washienko were research assistants on the project during data collection at Time 1.
Sandra Dyer was the Director for the project upon which this study is based at the time of data collection. 相似文献