Remembering words and how often they occurred in memory-impaired patients

Memory &; Cognition - The recent memory impairments in Korsakoff’s (KD), Huntington’s (HD), and Alzheimer’s (SDAT) diseases are qualitatively different from one another. All...     

螺旋CT双期增强薄层扫描对小胰腺癌诊断的研究

为了研究螺旋CT胰腺期、肝脏期双期增强薄层扫描在小胰腺癌早期诊断中的作用,对25例小胰腺癌患者行螺旋CT双期增强扫描,结果显示,两组观察结果经统计学处理有显著性差异,螺旋CT动态增强薄层2mm扫描比5mm扫描可明显提高小胰腺癌和微胰腺癌的检出率,对小胰腺癌的早期诊断有重要的临床价值.肝脏期扫描为临床确定肿瘤是否能够手术切除提供科学依据.     

儿童慢性乙型肝炎的抗病毒治疗

儿童慢性乙型肝炎的治疗比较复杂,应正确选择抗病毒治疗的时机,合理应用有限的治疗药物。处于免疫耐受期的患儿不应治疗,处于免疫清除期或肝脏组织学提示有明显炎症的应进行治疗。干扰素是治疗的一线药物,核苷（酸）类似物是二线用药。     

The acquisition of taste aversions in humans

A written questionnaire or an interview was given to 517 undergraduates concerning their acquisition of illness-induced (taste) aversions to foods and drinks. The subjects reported 415 aversions, with 65% of the subjects reporting at least one aversion. The aversions were more likely to be reported as having been formed through forward rather than simultaneous or backward conditioning, and long-delay learning was frequent. The aversions usually formed to the taste of the foods, rather than the appearance or other aspects of the foods. Extinction appeared more effective in decreasing the aversions than did forgetting. The illness responsible for the aversion's forming was usually attributed to the subsequently aversive food, but for 21% of the reported aversions subjects were sure that something else had caused their illness. Aversions were more likely to have formed to relatively less familiar and less preferred foods. Aversions were also more likely to form between the ages of 13 and 20. Generalization of the aversions to similar foods occurred in 29% of the cases. Approximately one fourth of the aversions were to alcoholic beverages. Finally, instances of aversions forming without food or drink consumption and instances of observational learning were reported. The data were quite similar to laboratory taste aversion data collected using other species and can help in optimizing taste aversion treatments of eating and drinking disorders. Taste aversions among humans are frequent and strong.     

A characterization theorem for random utility variables

In this note we investigate the condition that the distribution of the maximum of a set of random variables does not depend on which variable attains the maximum. This problem arises in random utility theory. When the random variables are independent, the property implies that all the marginal distributions must be Double Exponential (with distribution function exp(?e^?x) in standard form). When dependence is allowed the property characrerizes a much broader class consisting of arbitrary functions of arbitrary homogeneous functions of the variables e^?xi, a result stated without proof in D. J. Strauss (Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 1979, 20, 35–52). These are the distributions such that the maximum has the same distribution (apart from a location shift) as the marginals, provided the marginals are the same.     

Arithmetical Set Theory

It is well known that number theory can be interpreted in the usual set theories, e.g. ZF, NF and their extensions. The problem I posed for myself was to see if, conversely, a reasonably strong set theory could be interpreted in number theory. The reason I am interested in this problem is, simply, that number theory is more basic or more concrete than set theory, and hence a more concrete foundation for mathematics. A partial solution to the problem was accomplished by WTN in [2], where it was shown that a predicative set theory could be interpreted in a natural extension of pure number theory, PN, (i.e. classical first-order Peano Arithmetic). In this paper, we go a step further by showing that a reasonably strong fragment of predicative set theory can be interpreted in PN itself. We then make an attempt to show how to develop predicative fragments of mathematics in PN.If one wishes to know what is meant by reasonably strong and fragment please read on.     

自我关注重评和情境关注重评情绪调节策略及对随后认知控制的影响

认知重评作为高度适应性的情绪调节策略, 是否消耗随后任务所需的认知资源仍存在争议。以往研究把重评作为单一策略研究, 并未区分重评亚型对这一问题进行探索。本研究采用情绪调节与认知控制结合的任务, 考察自我关注和情境关注两种重评亚型调节情绪的效果, 以及对随后认知控制的影响是否存在差异。结果发现两种重评策略都能有效调节情绪, 但调节效果存在差异。从行为角度看, 与中性刺激相比, 负性刺激会引发更高的负性情绪水平, 对随后冲突任务的认知控制能力更差。进一步从神经机制水平来看, 增加负性情绪可能会进一步消耗随后任务可用的认知资源, 与自我关注重评相比, 采用情境关注重评降低负性情绪后, 对随后冲突任务的认知控制能力更强。说明两种重评亚型并不同质, 不仅在调节情绪的效果上存在差异, 而且会引发不同的认知控制后果; 同时, 负性情绪水平越高, 认知控制能力可能会越差。     

Methodology for identifying specific psychological deficits: introduction to the special section

A long-standing problem in psychopathology research is establishing that patterns of differences between groups reflects differences of underlying constructs and not artifacts of research design, measurement, or analysis. This introduction provides a context for 4 articles that consider several controversial issues regarding this problem and presents a précis. Although these articles focus on schizophrenia, it is noted how the issues are of more general relevance to psychopathology researchers.