Response Style Theory Revisited: Gender Differences and Stereotypes in Rumination and Distraction

Response Style Theory [S. Nolen-Hoeksema (1987) “Sex Differences in Unipolar Depression: Evidence and Theory,” Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 101, pp. 259–282] suggests that, when depressed, women ruminate on their sad feelings while men distract themselves from theirs. We sought to examine this gender difference in more detail. In Study 1, 155 students provided stereotype ratings or self-reports of responses to depression. The stereotype ratings conformed precisely to Response Style Theory yet exaggerated self-reported gender differences, especially for men. In Study 2, 40 roommate pairs completed a similar set of ratings. Again, other-ratings conformed exactly to Response Style Theory's predictions while self-ratings showed a more moderated pattern. In both studies, women reported ruminating more than did men, yet men and women were equally likely to report distraction. We conclude by examining several hypotheses for the discrepancies between stereotypes and self-reports for men as well as the increased rates of rumination among women.     

The acquisition of taste aversions in humans with eating and drinking disorders

A written questionnaire or interview concerned with acquisition of illness-induced (taste) aversions to foods and drinks was given to three groups of people with eating and drinking disorders. These groups consisted of 101 male and 1 female hospitalized alcoholics, 8 male and 8 female college-student heavy consumers of alcohol and 18 females with anorexia nervosa and/or bulimia. In most respects taste-aversion acquisition in these three groups was similar to taste-aversion acquisition in a general college-student population previously studied by Logue, Ophir and Strauss (1981), and to taste-aversion acquisition in other species. In all three groups the aversions were more likely to be reported as having been formed through forward rather than simultaneous or backward conditioning, and long-delay learning was frequent. The aversions usually formed to the tastes rather than to the appearance or other aspects of the foods and drinks. Extinction appeared more effective in decreasing the aversions than did forgetting. While the illness responsible for the aversions forming was usually attributed to the subsequently aversive food or drink, in at least one third of the cases subjects reported that something else might have caused their illness. Aversions were more likely to have formed to relatively less familiar and less preferred foods and drinks. However, the hospitalized alcoholics reported fewer aversions, less generalization of aversions, and stronger nausea as the cause of the aversions than did Logue et al.'s (1981) subjects. About 15% of these subjects reported taste aversions to alcoholic beverages. The college-student heavy consumers of alcohol reported no generalization of their taste aversions, but in other respects were similar to Logue et al.'s subjects. Thirty-one percent of these subjects reported taste aversions to alcoholic beverages. The anorexic and bulimic subjects were also similar to Logue et al.'s subjects with the exception that they, like the hospitalized alcoholics, reported stronger nausea as the cause of the aversions. These data may help to understand and treat people with eating and drinking disorders     

Effect of hemispherectomy in infantile hemiplegics

Four patients with infantile hemiplegia who had undergone hemispherectomy were examined. both left (LH) and right (RH) hemidecorticates obtained borderline defective scores on IQ tests. Patients with isolated right hemispheres were found not to be aphasic or apraxic. Visuospatial and constructional capacities were compromised in all patients. Individuals with an isolated right hemisphere smiled and gestured more than did those with an isolated right hemisphere. EEG and CT scan data showed that the remaining hemisphere was not normal in these patients. Therefore, inferences regarding the functional plasticity of the remaining hemisphere must be made with caution.     

Implications of test revisions for research

Test revisions are increasingly common in psychology and neuropsychology in particular. However, such revisions may alter in complex ways the kind of information obtained, and they may assess traits, abilities, and conditions in ways different from earlier versions. This article outlines some of the problems associated with the revision of tests facing clinicians and researchers. Three broad classes of revision are considered. Part 1 considers the aging of tests, part 2 concerns the aging of participants, and part 3 considers changes in test format. Although the article focuses largely on measures of intelligence and personality, the issues addressed in the article apply to other tests and assessment domains as well.     

How critical is “critical thinking”?

Before criticism is justified, an account of the applicable criteria should be given. This task concerns first of all the well-known logical principles of identity, contradiction and the excluded middle. They connect critical thinking to the conceptual element of rationality and to the normed nature of logical thinking, manifest in logically sound (norm-conformative) thinking and antinormative thinking—briefly also accounting for the dialectical tradition. An analysis of these principles requires an understanding of the uniqueness of, and coherence between, the logical and non-logical aspects in the light of contraries like logical-illogical, polite-impolite and frugal-wasteful. It also questions the idea of autonomy and examines the switch from principles to values. When a school of thought does not accept all the logical principles, the criteria for scientific thinking are challenged, for example in intuitionistic logic which rejects the universal validity of the principle of the excluded middle. It is then argued that the principle of sufficient reason and that of the excluded antinomy points at a more than logical foundation for critical thinking and ultimately calls for a non-reductionist ontology.     

领导者情绪智力对领导力效能影响的元分析

以往领导者情绪智力和领导力效能之间关系的研究存在很大分歧。运用元分析方法考察了领导者情绪智力对领导力效能的影响及其组织情境和研究方法调节变量。通过纳入98篇中英文文献和110个效应量(n = 27330), 结果表明：(1)领导者情绪智力与领导力效能存在中等程度的正相关(r = 0.39)。(2)组织情境因素的调节作用检验发现, 高层领导者的情绪智力对领导力效能的影响明显高于中层和基层领导者, 非营利性组织中的领导者情绪智力对领导力效能的影响比营利组织中的影响更强, 东方文化背景下的领导者情绪智力对领导力效能的影响比西方文化背景下更强。(3)方法因素的调节作用检验发现, 采用混合模型测量的领导者情绪智力对领导力效能的影响高于采用能力模型测量的结果, 采用客观指标衡量领导力效能的相关系数比主观指标更大, 领导者情绪智力对工作态度指标的影响弱于工作绩效指标, 领导者情绪智力对群体层次效能的影响强于个体层次。从研究设计和出版标准等方面探究领导者情绪智力和领导力效能之间关系的调节变量是未来研究的重点。     

激情犯和累惯犯暴力态度的比较

实验采用《FMMU变态人格危险性评估问卷》和内隐联想测验分别测量激情犯和累惯犯的外显和内隐暴力态度, 探讨激情犯和累惯犯外显和内隐暴力态度特点及预测特征。研究发现, 激情犯和累惯犯的外显态度有显著差异, 但是内隐态度未见显著差异。由于部分罪犯在内隐态度中出现反转效应, 将激情犯和累惯犯分为激情犯未反转组和反转组, 累惯犯未反转组和反转组, 这四个组都产生了显著的IAT效应, 并且每个组的外显态度和内隐态度都发生了分离。从结果可见即使是同一犯罪类型, 犯罪时都实施了暴力行为, 但暴力态度却有差异。在测量外显暴力态度的基础上, 结合内隐暴力态度的测量, 将细化犯罪人分类, 为不同特点的犯罪人实施不同的改造和处遇方案提供新的思路。     

Turning it Upside Down: Areas of Preserved Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia

Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate marked impairments on most clinical neuropsychological tests. These findings suggest that patients suffer from a generalized form of cognitive impairment, with little evidence of spared performance documented in several large meta-analytic reviews of the clinical literature. In contrast, we review evidence for relative sparing of aspects of attention, procedural memory, and emotional processing observed in studies that have employed experimental approaches adapted from the cognitive and affective neuroscience literature. These islands of preserved performance suggest that the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are not as general as they appear to be when assayed with clinical neuropsychological methods. The apparent contradiction in findings across methods may offer important clues about the nature of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. The documentation of preserved cognitive function in schizophrenia may serve to sharpen hypotheses about the biological mechanisms that are implicated in the illness.