晚周秦汉初医学知识传承研究

中国医学的成长有赖于医学知识的不断传承.晚周秦汉初医学知识的传承以医家群体、医学文本为主要载体,医学器具的作用也不容忽视.医学知识的传承以师资为主导,经历着由秘密授业到名师择众徒的转变.这种知识传承围绕着医学典籍循序展开,形成一套择徒、(授)受书、研读、理解、验证、再丰富的综合模式.这套传承模式为中国医学大厦奠定着基础,提供着范式.医学知识的传承助力着中国医学的前进步伐,而以文本为中心的中国医学又时刻呼唤着对经典医籍的研习与实践.     

毕生控制理论的新发展:调节模型及控制策略

毕生控制理论能较好地解释毕生发展,认为适应能力的中心特质是动机调节,可促进个体发展并使其达到最优化.生命历程被视为由一列有序的目标定向行动周期组织而成,该周期包括目标选择、目标结合及目标解除.基于该角度,在回顾控制理论的基本概念、初级控制的首要性和毕生发展轨迹基础上,对毕生发展的调节模型和控制策略的适应功能进行了综合阐述.未来研究应从跨文化情境下的适用性、满足适应目标选择三个因素的进一步验证和成功老龄化相关研究等方面开展更深入的探讨.     

在医学伦理学教学中融入医学法制教育的探索

道德与法律在临床医疗实践中的碰撞、冲突给医学生带来许多困惑,通过医学道德规范与医学法律规范对比和典型案例剖析,在医学伦理学教学中融入医学法制教育,能够澄清医学生模糊混乱的认识,引导他们正确对待医学道德与医学法律的关系,深化医学伦理学教学内容,提升教学效果.     

多发性骨髓瘤的分子生物学特性及靶向治疗对策

近十年来,关于骨髓瘤细胞的分子生物学研究取得了很大的进展.骨髓瘤细胞通过激活多种信号途径以及与蛋白折叠反应相关的信号通路,抑制正常浆细胞的生长.一些基因和分子改变与临床表现相关并成为治疗的潜在靶点.认识骨髓瘤细胞的分子生物学特性对于采取合理的治疗措施、改善患者的预后至关重要.     

浅析幽门螺杆菌研究过程中的科研创新

幽门螺杆菌(Hp)是一种古老细菌,但是人们直到近年才发现并确定其与多种胃肠道疾病相关,如胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌等;在对Hp的科研创新中经历了许多的成功与挫折,如Hp的发现过程中的科研创新、思维变化;通过从临床流行病学到基础研究揭示胃癌与幽门螺杆菌的关系;Hp的治疗中所涉及的伦理,治疗策略问题;Hp在人类迁移的研究过程的意义,以及疫苗的研究过程中所面临的挑战与机遇等.本文通过回顾Hp的研究过程,简单揭示幽门螺杆菌科研过程中的科研思维变化.     

The Relationship between Everyday Problem Solving and Inconsistency in Reaction Time in Older Adults

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether inconsistency in reaction time (RT) is predictive of older adults' ability to solve everyday problems. A sample of 304 community dwelling non-demented older adults, ranging in age from 62 to 92, completed a measure of everyday problem solving, the Everyday Problems Test (EPT). Inconsistency in latencies across trials was assessed on four RT tasks. Performance on the EPT was found to vary according to age and cognitive status. Both mean latencies and inconsistency were significantly associated with EPT performance, such that slower and more inconsistent RTs were associated with poorer everyday problem solving abilities. Even after accounting for age, education, and mean level of performance, inconsistency in reaction time continued to account for a significant proportion of the variance in EPT scores. These findings suggest that indicators of inconsistency in RT may be of functional relevance.     

Reaction Time Inconsistency in a Spatial Stroop Task: Age-Related Differences Through Childhood and Adulthood

ABSTRACT

Age-related differences in inconsistency of reaction time (RT) across the life span were examined on a task with differing levels of demand on executive control. A total of 546 participants, aged 5 to 76 years, completed a spatial Stroop task that permitted observations under three conditions (congruent, incongruent, and neutral) according to the correspondence between the required response (based on stimulus direction) and stimulus location. An interference effect was observed across all ages. Analyses of neutral condition data replicated previous research demonstrating RT inconsistency follows a U-shaped developmental curve across the life span. The relationship between age and inconsistency, however, depended on condition: inconsistency in the congruent condition was higher than inconsistency in both the neutral and incongruent conditions across middle-aged groups. Reaction time inconsistency may reflect processing efficiency that is maximal in young adulthood and may also be sensitive to fluctuations in performance that reflect momentarily highly efficient responding.     

Group interventions for patients with cancer and HIV disease: part IV. Clinical and policy recommendations

Group interventions have assumed a growing role in primary prevention and supportive care for cancer and HIV disease. Earlier sections of this Special Report examined empirical findings for these interventions and provided recommendations for future research. The current section offers brief recommendations for service providers, policymakers, and stakeholders. Group services now occupy an increasingly prominent place in primary prevention programs and medical settings. In previous sections of this Special Report (Sherman, Leszcz et al., 2004; Sherman, Mosier et al., 2004a, 2004b) we examined the efficacy of different group interventions at different phases of cancer or HIV disease, considered characteristics of the intervention and the participants that might influence outcomes, and discussed mechanisms of action. Methodological challenges and priorities for future research were highlighted. In this, the final section, we offer brief recommendations for service providers, policymakers, and other stakeholders. We consider some of the barriers that constrain use of empirically-based group interventions and note how these programs might be implemented more widely and effectively.     

Measuring Symptoms and Functioning of Youth with ADHD in Middle Schools

The identification of reliable and valid means for evaluating the effectiveness of school-based treatments and completing diagnostic evaluations of middle school aged students are needed. The present study examined the inter-rater agreement of teacher ratings and the relationship between ratings and observational data in a middle school setting. The data are interpreted in the context of differences between a secondary and elementary school setting. Teacher ratings and observational data were collected regularly over the course of two academic years for middle school students diagnosed with ADHD. The results indicate low rates of inter-rater agreement as well as low rates of agreement between teachers and observational data, and between observational data collected in different classrooms. Inter-rater agreement was lowest in late fall and gradually increased over the second half of the year. Implications for conducting treatment outcome evaluations of school-based treatment programs and diagnostic evaluations are discussed.     

Lateralization in attainment and maintenance of neonatal head posture: further external validation

Consistencies in lateral head turning of 50 healthy, term neonates were examined to determine relations between attainment and maintenance of lateral head position. The majority showed lateral consistencies, typically rightward, in initial head turn from midline per trial, in direction of the majority of all head turns from midline per trial and in direction turned for the majority of time per trial. Head position prior to testing was related to the three indices. The results of work to date, including the current study, have proven very consistent in nature, yielding the most reliable measure of an element of lateralized behavior in the neonate.