Demonstrating specific cognitive deficits: a psychometric perspective

Cognitive deficits associated with psychopathology often do not occur in isolation. Consequently, identifying a specific deficit in a disorder requires comparing the magnitude of group differences on theoretically relevant measures with those on control tasks measuring other constructs. L. J. Chapman and J. P. Chapman (1973) noted that common forms of such Group x Task interactions are theoretically ambiguous unless performance measures have comparable discriminating power. The principles of psychometric matching for discriminating power developed in the Chapmans' research program are reviewed, and both criticisms and alternative psychometric approaches are evaluated. Psychometric matching can be mindful of threats to the construct validity of measures and frequently remains methodologically necessary. Otherwise, interactions involving measures that vary in sensitivity to individual differences may be misinterpreted as evidence for specific deficits.     

Diminished response to pleasant stimuli by depressed women

This study examined the self-report and facial expressions of emotional response to pictorial stimuli and the incidental learning of pleasant and unpleasant words by depressed (n = 20) and nondepressed (n = 20) women. Depression was associated with reports of diminished emotional response and reduced frequency and intensity of facial expressions only to pleasant stimuli. The 2 groups did not differ in response to hedonically unpleasant stimuli, even those specifically relevant to the emotion of sadness. In a similar vein, depressed and nondepressed participants showed differences in incidental recall for only pleasant self-referential terms. There was no difference in recall of unpleasant words. These findings suggest the importance of hedonic deficits on psychological processes in clinical depression.     

The neural circuitry supporting goal maintenance during cognitive control: a comparison of expectancy AX-CPT and dot probe expectancy paradigms

Goal maintenance is an aspect of cognitive control that has been identified as critical for understanding psychopathology according to criteria of the NIMH-sponsored CNTRICS (Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia) and Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiatives. CNTRICS proposed the expectancy AX-CPT, and its visual-spatial parallel the dot probe expectancy (DPX), as valid measures of the cognitive and neural processes thought to be relevant for goal maintenance. The goal of this study was to specifically examine the functional neural correlates and connectivity patterns of both goal maintenance tasks in the same subset of subjects to further validate their neural construct validity and clarify our understanding of the nature and function of the neural circuitry engaged by the tasks. Twenty-six healthy control subjects performed both the letter (AX) and dot pattern (DPX) variants of the CPT during fMRI. Behavioral performance was similar between tasks. The 2 tasks engaged the same brain networks including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and dorsal parietal regions, supporting their validity as complementary measures of the goal maintenance construct. Interestingly there was greater engagement of the frontal opercular insula region during the expectancy AX-CPT (letter) and greater functional connectivity between the PFC and medial temporal lobe in the DPX (dot pattern). These differences are consistent with differential recruitment of phonological and visual-spatial processes by the two tasks and suggest that additional long-term memory systems may be engaged by the dot probe version.     

浅析蕴含在神经外科技术发展过程中的辩证思维

自然辩证法揭示了自然界以及科学技术发展的一般规律,神经外科学也不例外。纵观现代神经外科学一百多年来的技术变革和发展历程,无不渗透着辩证思想的影响。作为科学的认识论和方法论,自然辩证法对神经外科技术发展和临床实践的指导意义值得我们重视,本文对矛盾规律、质量互变规律、否定之否定规律、内因与外因、偶然性与必然性等范畴或规律在神经外科技术变革过程中的体现和意义进行了探讨。     

白血病分型进展

白血病细胞因具有生物学的异质性、分化程度的差异性和细胞形态的多形性等特点,需要明确分型.而它的分型经历了FAB(法国、美国、英国协作组,French-American-British Co-operative group)分型、MIC(morphology,immunology and cytogenetic)分型,最后到MICM(morphology,immunology,cytogenetic and molecular)分型.     

认知重评和表达抑制情绪调节策略的脑网络分析：来自EEG和ERP的证据

本文旨在对认知重评和表达抑制两种常用情绪调节策略的自发脑网络特征及认知神经活动进行深入探讨。研究采集36名在校大学生的静息态和任务态脑电数据, 经过源定位和图论分析发现节点效率与两种情绪调节显著相关的脑区, 以及脑区之间的功能连接。研究结果表明, 在使用认知重评进行情绪调节时会激活前额叶皮质、前扣带回、顶叶、海马旁回和枕叶等多个脑区, 在使用表达抑制进行情绪调节时会激活前额叶皮质、顶叶、海马旁回、枕叶、颞叶和脑岛等多个脑区。因此, 这些脑区的节点效率或功能连接强度可能成为评估个体使用认知重评和表达抑制调节情绪效果的指标。     

Kant and modern physics—The synthetic a priori and the distinction between modal function and entity

In order to appreciate the meaning of Kant's concern for the synthetic a priori a distinction needs to be made between the dimension of functional aspects of reality, exhibiting universal (modal) laws (holding for all possible entities), and the dimension of entities characterized by specified type-laws (only holding for a limited class of entities). In particular attention is given to some properties of the first four cosmic aspects/modes: the numerical, the spatial, the kinematical and the physical. In passing a number of related issues are adressed, such as the after effect of the Greek gemometrization of matter, the Achilles' heel of positivism (the usage of property- terms), and an alternative formulation of the law of energy conservation.     

从共性与个性的辩证关系看营养学的中西医结合

现代营养学强调通过平衡膳食为机体提供种类齐全、数量充足、比例合适的热能和各种营养素,这是饮食的共性；中医食疗学强调辨证施膳,根据个体体质寒热所偏,选择纠偏的食物,以纠正脏腑阴阳气血的盛衰,使之恢复平衡状态,这是饮食的个性.合理营养应该是以现代营养学为共性,中医食疗学为个性的中西医结合食疗模式.