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341.
The present experiments were conducted to develop a more sensitive and reliable model of stress-induced behavioral pathology in the mouse. Male mice were housed singly in nest cages connected to either a circular tunnel, a recreational cage or a large box with food foraging apparatus. Spontaneous nocturnal out of nest activity or food foraging behavior in these environments was continuously monitored for a two week period during which time the effects of stress were examined. It was found that both repeated restraint and aggression stress markedly and persistently reduced out of nest nocturnal activity or food foraging behavior in all 3 environments but did not alter activity in a novel open field or plus maze or food or saccharin intake in the nest cage. In a preliminary experiment the reduction in out of nest activity by stress was attenuated by prior chronic treatment with the antidepressant, desmethylimipramine. Plasma corticosterone was elevated immediately after aggression stress but reduced 5 hr after chronic aggression stress. The reduction in activity did not appear the result of increased anxiety as measured by spontaneous risk assessment behavior in the nest. It is concluded that the decrease in out of nest activity after stress in the present studies models a withdrawn behavioral state and may be due to either or both a decrease in appetitive motivation to leave the nest or an increased aversion to the external environment which does not apparently involve anxiety.  相似文献   
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Stone  Taylor 《Topoi》2021,40(2):481-491

Grounded in the practical problem of light pollution, this paper examines the aesthetic dimensions of urban and natural darkness, and its impact on how we perceive and evaluate nighttime lighting. It is argued that competing notions of the sublime, manifested through artificial illumination and the natural night sky respectively, reinforce a geographical dualism between cities and wilderness. To challenge this spatial differentiation, recent work in urban-focused environmental ethics, as well as environmental aesthetics, are utilized to envision the moral and aesthetic possibilities of a new urban nocturnal sublime. Through articulating the aspirations and constraints of a new urban nocturnal experience, this paper elucidates the axiological dimensions of light pollution, draws attention to nightscapes as a site of importance for urban-focused (environmental) philosophy, and examines the enduring relevance of the sublime for both the design of nighttime illumination and the appreciation of the night sky.

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344.
Social justice supervision honors the identities of the supervisee and the client, teaches social justice skills to the supervisee, and prioritizes social justice counseling outcomes in the supervisee's counseling work. The purpose of this article is to describe a comprehensive model for social justice supervision that mandates supervisor self‐evaluation, explores supervisees' identities and strengths, emphasizes the social justice needs of clients, and uses social justice outcomes for clients as a measure of counseling success. Implications are explored.  相似文献   
345.
We examined gender differences in supervisor ratings of overall job performance and 37 performance dimensions. Based on data from a large, diverse sample of managers (= 3,367) and nonmanagers (= 9,670), we found that gender had only minimal effects on ratings for a small number of specific job performance dimensions. This was generally true regardless of whether the job performance dimension was more agentic or communal in nature, whether the job was a managerial or a nonmanagerial position, and regardless of the proportion of men or women that traditionally occupy a specific job. Overall, our results are more consistent with the gender similarities hypothesis than the agency/communion paradigm, role congruity theory, and the lack of fit model. We discuss future research avenues and implications.  相似文献   
346.
The research in this article examined the consequences of a failed attempt to reduce dissonance through a self‐affirmation strategy. It was hypothesized that disconfirming participants' affirmations would reinstate psychological discomfort and dissonance motivation. In Experiment 1, high‐dissonance participants who affirmed on a self‐relevant value scale and received disconforming feedback about their affirmations expressed greater psychological discomfort (Elliot & Devine, 1994) than either affirmation‐only participants or low‐dissonance/affirmation disconformed participants. In Experiment 2, disconfirmation of an affirmation resulted in increased attitude change. The results of both experiments suggested that a failed attempt to reduce dissonance reinstates psychological discomfort and dissonance motivation. We discuss how the reduction of psychological discomfort may play a role in the success of affirmations in reducing dissonance‐produced attitude change. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
347.
In the early parts of The Claim of Reason , Stanley Cavell develops an account of scepticism based on his distinction between specific and generic objects. Because there are no ('Austinian') criteria for generic objects, it seems that we cannot know them; and the sceptic argues that this kind of knowledge is a 'best case', so that failure here indicates the impossibility of knowledge in general. I show that, in Husserl's Ideen I, the transcendental ego is the cause of being of all objects qua generic, or, in other words, that we know generic objects in the manner of an intellectus archetypus . Hence Husserl has a kind of refutation of the Cavellian sceptic, albeit perhaps at a very high price.  相似文献   
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Stone  Jim 《Philosophical Studies》2001,104(2):197-202
Philosophical Studies - HOST is the theory that to be conscious of a mental state is totarget it with a higher-order state (a `HOS'), either an innerperception or a higher-order thought. Some...  相似文献   
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