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141.
Foundations of Mathematics: Metaphysics, Epistemology, Structure 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stewart Shapiro 《The Philosophical quarterly》2004,54(214):16-37
Since virtually every mathematical theory can be interpreted in set theory, the latter is a foundation for mathematics. Whether set theory, as opposed to any of its rivals, is the right foundation for mathematics depends on what a foundation is for. One purpose is philosophical, to provide the metaphysical basis for mathematics. Another is epistemic, to provide the basis of all mathematical knowledge. Another is to serve mathematics, by lending insight into the various fields. Another is to provide an arena for exploring relations and interactions between mathematical fields, their relative strengths, etc. Given the different goals, there is little point to determining a single foundation for all of mathematics. 相似文献
142.
This study uses semi-structured interviews to examine how 16 people of Latvian heritage negotiated their cultural identities in high school (retrospectively) and at midlife (concurrently). Participants' high school and midlife cultural identity patterns were coded as marginalized, separated, assimilated, alternating integrated, or blended integrated. Although eleven participants were found to have had marginalized, separated, or alternating integrated patterns in high school, all 16 had either assimilated or blended integrated patterns at midlife. Further, there is evidence that the contexts in which identity negotiation occurred—specifically, the rigidity of the participants' Latvian and American contexts in high school and their relative openness at midlife—influenced these changes in pattern. The findings also underscore the importance of taking into account within-group differences when studying how people negotiate their cultural identities. 相似文献
143.
144.
Craig S Lewandowsky S Little DR 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2011,37(3):673-687
The assumption in some current theories of probabilistic categorization is that people gradually attenuate their learning in response to unavoidable error. However, existing evidence for this error discounting is sparse and open to alternative interpretations. We report 2 probabilistic-categorization experiments in which we investigated error discounting by shifting feedback probabilities to new values after different amounts of training. In both experiments, responding gradually became less responsive to errors, and learning was slowed for some time after the feedback shift. Both results were indicative of error discounting. Quantitative modeling of the data revealed that adding a mechanism for error discounting significantly improved the fits of an exemplar-based and a rule-based associative learning model, as well as of a recency-based model of categorization. We conclude that error discounting is an important component of probabilistic learning. 相似文献
145.
Many kinds of creativity result from combination of mental representations. This paper provides a computational account of how creative thinking can arise from combining neural patterns into ones that are potentially novel and useful. We defend the hypothesis that such combinations arise from mechanisms that bind together neural activity by a process of convolution, a mathematical operation that interweaves structures. We describe computer simulations that show the feasibility of using convolution to produce emergent patterns of neural activity that can support cognitive and emotional processes underlying human creativity. 相似文献
146.
We examined whether temporal integration of face parts reflects holistic processing or response interference. Participants
learned to name two faces “Fred” and two “Bob.” At test, the top and bottom halves of different faces formed composites and
were presented briefly separated in time. Replicating prior findings (Singer & Sheinberg, Vision Research, 46, 1838–1847, 2006), naming of the target half for aligned composites was slowed when the irrelevant half was from a face with a different name
rather than from the original face. However, no interference was observed when the irrelevant half had a name identical to
the name of the target half but came from a different learned face, arguing against a true holistic effect. Instead, response
interference was obtained when the target half briefly preceded the irrelevant half. Experiment 2 confirmed a double dissociation of holistic processing versus response interference for intact faces versus temporally separated
face halves, suggesting that simultaneous presentation of facial information is critical for holistic processing. 相似文献
147.
Stewart James Henry McCann 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2011,12(4):547-560
Relations between the emotional health domain of the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index and the Big Five personality factors
were determined at the American state level. State emotional health scores were based on the aggregated results of 353,039
phone interviews conducted throughout 2008 with a representative sample of US adults (Gallup 2009a). State z scores (Rentfrow et al. in Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 339–386, 2008) on neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness were based on 619,397 nationally representative
respondents to an internet survey between 1999 and 2005. State socioeconomic status (SES), urban percent, and white percent
based on 2000 and 2005 data served as demographic controls. Alaska and Hawaii were excluded. When the controls entered a hierarchical
multiple regression equation as a block and were followed by the Big Five selected stepwise, the controls accounted for 27.5%
of the emotional health variance and neuroticism accounted for another 35.3%. With stepwise selection of controls and then
Big Five variables, SES entered first (24.1%) and neuroticism entered second (32.4%). With stepwise selection from the combined
control and Big Five pool, neuroticism entered first (47.5%), SES entered second (9.1%), and urban percent entered third (4.9%).
Clearly, neuroticism and SES are the key contributors to emotional health variance and neuroticism makes the largest contribution.
States with higher proportions of neurotic individuals and lower SES tended to have populations with poorer emotional health.
Theoretical foundations for the link between neuroticism and emotional health at the state level and implications for changes
in state emotional health are discussed. 相似文献
148.
Rivas KD Piazza CC Kadey HJ Volkert VM Stewart V 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2011,44(2):387-391
Parents may be reluctant to treat the feeding disorder of a chronically ill child who exhibits distressed behavior during feeding. In this study, we identified a child with chronic medical problems and a feeding disorder who cried during feedings. We introduced treatment components sequentially to address parental concerns about crying. First, we used a pacifier to reduce crying, and then we used a flipped spoon to increase mouth clean. The results showed that a sequential approach to treatment can be effective for children with complex medical and behavioral problems. 相似文献
149.
Kristi D. Wright Allison Eisner Sherry H. Stewart G. Allen Finley 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(3):416-427
The utility of the self-report Children’s Anxiety and Pain Scale Anxiety subscale (CAPS-A) in comparison to the widely used,
observer-rated Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS) in assessing anxiety in children undergoing day surgery procedures
was examined. The CAPS-A test-retest reliability, concurrent validity with the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS),
and sensitivity to expected increases in anxiety at stressful times during the preoperative period were examined. Levels of
observer-rated (mYPAS) and self-reported anxiety (CAPS-A) were obtained from 61 children (3 to 6 years) undergoing day surgery
procedures. The CAPS-A demonstrated adequate test-retest reliability. Concurrent validity between the CAPS-A and mYPAS scores
was poor. The CAPS-A failed to show sensitivity to the expected increases in anxiety at stressful time-points. Thus, an alternative
scoring strategy for the CAPS-A was proposed (i.e., child’s refusal to point was scored as high anxiety). Post-hoc analyses
demonstrated good concurrent and adequate convergent validity with the alternative scoring strategy. 相似文献
150.
The Habitat Program at Wood’s Homes, Calgary, Alberta, is an eight bed residential treatment program for conduct-disordered
youth who have been exposed or subjected to high levels of violence in their family home. The program was based on the assumption
that working effectively with such youth requires consideration of the background experiences of family violence, yet traditional
treatment models often ignore or minimize the importance of these experiences. We present a clinical model which incorporates
aspects of milieu treatment, relationship-based daily interventions and elements of Jenkins’ invitational approach to working
with men and boys who use violence as well as Wade’s response-based approach to counseling with victims and perpetrators of
violence. The model also incorporates ideas based on Maruna’s research into recidivism and excuse-making. The purpose of the
model is twofold: to be broad enough to structure an overall treatment strategy based on the assumption that successful treatment
results from the cumulative effect of many interactions over time, and to be specific enough to guide staff in developing
strategies for specific situations that typically arise in daily interaction with the youth. We use a case example format
to illustrate how staff has utilized the model to engage youth in exploring both their experiences of violence in the family
home and in developing new ways of thinking and talking about behavioural choices. 相似文献