The Network Constellation of Personality and Substance Use: Evolution from Early to Late Adolescence

There is a well-established link between substance use and four personality traits of anxiety–sensitivity, hopelessness, impulsivity, and sensation-seeking. However, construct-level models of personality may conceal indicator-level personality–outcome associations. The current study aims to investigate evolution of the network constellation of personality and cannabis/alcohol use from early to late adolescence. Data comes from the longitudinal Co-Venture cohort (N = 3800). Personality indicators, measured by Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) items, and the frequency of cannabis/alcohol use were assessed at four consecutive years (13–17 years old). Network constellations of the SURPS items and cannabis/alcohol use were estimated using Bayesian Gaussian graphical models at four time points. Results highlighted the age-specific associations between personality indicators and substance use. The positive role of the sensation-seeking trait (e.g. attitude towards transgression) was constant, whereas the positive role of hopelessness indicators (e.g. not being enthusiastic about future) and the negative role of anxiety–sensitivity indicators (e.g. fear of having unusual body sensations) were more prominent at early adolescence. The current study provides a novel perspective on the network structure of personality and substance use in adolescence and suggests substance-specific and age-adjusted targets in intervention efforts. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology     

The sound link: Psychodynamic group music therapy in a therapeutic community setting

SUMMARY

This paper explores the efficacy of on-going weekly psychodynamic group music therapy with those with chronic mental illness in a therapeutic-community setting. Co-improvised music-making was the primary medium of communication and connection in the group, combined with a period for verbal reflection. Central to the therapist's thesis is that the shared music medium primarily acts as a way of expressing, organising and containing the experience of individual members and of the group. It allows for contact between members at a pre-verbal, preconscious level. For this particular patient group, contacts made at this level can be critical to their further ability to tolerate and integrate feelings in a more verbal and conscious way. The music-therapy setting is seen as aiding the process of linking together these two areas of experience, thus providing patients with a potentially freer, less restricted, way of relating to themselves and each other.     

A GENERATIONAL ANALYSIS OF WOMEN'S RIGHTS ACTIVISTS

This article addresses the important issue of intergenerational similarities and differences among women's rights activists. We examined the attitudes, emotions, and experiences of three generations of reproductive rights activists, born between 1925 and 1975. Across generations, the participants were strongly pro-choice and identified as feminists. Despite these similarities, there were several differences that could be explained by considering the sociohistorical circumstances faced by each cohort. For example, the Civil Rights generation activists came of age during the boycotts and marches of the 1950s and showed the highest level of civil rights activism. Reflecting the coincidence of their young adulthood with the 1970s women's movement, the Protest generation activists identified the most with the label "feminist." Finally, the Poshvomen's movement activists, raised in the 1970s and 198Os, were the most likely to have taken college-level women's studies classes.     

Book reviews

John Herman Randall, Jr. Plato: Dramatist of the Life of Reason. New York: Columbia University Press, 1970. Pp. xiv, 274. Indexed. $7.50.

Gottfried Martin. General Metaphysics: Its Problems and Method. Translated by Daniel O'Connor. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1968. Pp. 1–368. Indexed. $8.50.

Nicholas Rescher. Essays in Philosophical Analysis. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1969. Pp. viii, 430. Indexed. $14.95.

Rollo Handy. Value Theory and the Behavioral Sciences. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1969. Pp. vii, 198. Indexed. $8.00.

Morris Lazerowitz. Philosophy and Illusion. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1968. Pp. 1–262. Indexed. $7.25.

K. T. Fann, Ed. Symposium on J. L. Austin. New York: Humanities Press, 1969. Pp. 486. Indexed. $11.00.

Robert E. Butts. William Whewell's Theory of Scientific Method. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1968. Pp. 1–352. Indexed. $8.50.

Robert J. Fogelin. Experience and Meaning: Studies in Analytical Philosophy. New York: Humanities Press, 1967. Pp. xi, 187. Indexed. $6.50.

Harry G. Frankfurt. Demons, Dreamers, and Madmen: The Defence of Reason in Descartes's Meditations. Indianapolis: Bobbs‐Merrill, 1970. Pp. 1–193. Indexed. $7.95.

Maurice Merleau‐Ponty. The Visible and the Invisible. Followed by Working Notes, edited by Claude Lefort. Translated by Alphonso Lingis. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1968. Pp. 1–275. Indexed. $9.50.     

From Autocracy to Empowerment: Teams with Shared Leadership Perceive their Coaches to be Better Leaders

Sports coaches often fear that empowering the players in their team would undermine their own leadership status. To investigate the legitimacy of this perception, we mapped the leadership structure within 64 sports teams (N = 840). The results highlight that the perceived leadership quality of the coaches is positively related to the density of their team's leadership networks (i.e., the average leadership qualities of all players). This finding held for task, motivational, social, and external leadership. The best coaches are thus the ones who adopt a shared leadership approach and who strengthen the leadership quality of their players.

Lay Summary

Sports coaches often feel that empowering the players in their teams undermines their own leadership status. This study investigates the legitimacy of this perception within 64 sports teams. Our findings provide evidence for the opposite view; by creating and developing leaders in their teams, coaches are perceived as better leaders themselves.