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161.
Many kinds of creativity result from combination of mental representations. This paper provides a computational account of how creative thinking can arise from combining neural patterns into ones that are potentially novel and useful. We defend the hypothesis that such combinations arise from mechanisms that bind together neural activity by a process of convolution, a mathematical operation that interweaves structures. We describe computer simulations that show the feasibility of using convolution to produce emergent patterns of neural activity that can support cognitive and emotional processes underlying human creativity. 相似文献
162.
We examined whether temporal integration of face parts reflects holistic processing or response interference. Participants
learned to name two faces “Fred” and two “Bob.” At test, the top and bottom halves of different faces formed composites and
were presented briefly separated in time. Replicating prior findings (Singer & Sheinberg, Vision Research, 46, 1838–1847, 2006), naming of the target half for aligned composites was slowed when the irrelevant half was from a face with a different name
rather than from the original face. However, no interference was observed when the irrelevant half had a name identical to
the name of the target half but came from a different learned face, arguing against a true holistic effect. Instead, response
interference was obtained when the target half briefly preceded the irrelevant half. Experiment 2 confirmed a double dissociation of holistic processing versus response interference for intact faces versus temporally separated
face halves, suggesting that simultaneous presentation of facial information is critical for holistic processing. 相似文献
163.
Stewart James Henry McCann 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2011,12(4):547-560
Relations between the emotional health domain of the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index and the Big Five personality factors
were determined at the American state level. State emotional health scores were based on the aggregated results of 353,039
phone interviews conducted throughout 2008 with a representative sample of US adults (Gallup 2009a). State z scores (Rentfrow et al. in Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 339–386, 2008) on neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness were based on 619,397 nationally representative
respondents to an internet survey between 1999 and 2005. State socioeconomic status (SES), urban percent, and white percent
based on 2000 and 2005 data served as demographic controls. Alaska and Hawaii were excluded. When the controls entered a hierarchical
multiple regression equation as a block and were followed by the Big Five selected stepwise, the controls accounted for 27.5%
of the emotional health variance and neuroticism accounted for another 35.3%. With stepwise selection of controls and then
Big Five variables, SES entered first (24.1%) and neuroticism entered second (32.4%). With stepwise selection from the combined
control and Big Five pool, neuroticism entered first (47.5%), SES entered second (9.1%), and urban percent entered third (4.9%).
Clearly, neuroticism and SES are the key contributors to emotional health variance and neuroticism makes the largest contribution.
States with higher proportions of neurotic individuals and lower SES tended to have populations with poorer emotional health.
Theoretical foundations for the link between neuroticism and emotional health at the state level and implications for changes
in state emotional health are discussed. 相似文献
164.
Rivas KD Piazza CC Kadey HJ Volkert VM Stewart V 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2011,44(2):387-391
Parents may be reluctant to treat the feeding disorder of a chronically ill child who exhibits distressed behavior during feeding. In this study, we identified a child with chronic medical problems and a feeding disorder who cried during feedings. We introduced treatment components sequentially to address parental concerns about crying. First, we used a pacifier to reduce crying, and then we used a flipped spoon to increase mouth clean. The results showed that a sequential approach to treatment can be effective for children with complex medical and behavioral problems. 相似文献
165.
Kristi D. Wright Allison Eisner Sherry H. Stewart G. Allen Finley 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(3):416-427
The utility of the self-report Children’s Anxiety and Pain Scale Anxiety subscale (CAPS-A) in comparison to the widely used,
observer-rated Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS) in assessing anxiety in children undergoing day surgery procedures
was examined. The CAPS-A test-retest reliability, concurrent validity with the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS),
and sensitivity to expected increases in anxiety at stressful times during the preoperative period were examined. Levels of
observer-rated (mYPAS) and self-reported anxiety (CAPS-A) were obtained from 61 children (3 to 6 years) undergoing day surgery
procedures. The CAPS-A demonstrated adequate test-retest reliability. Concurrent validity between the CAPS-A and mYPAS scores
was poor. The CAPS-A failed to show sensitivity to the expected increases in anxiety at stressful time-points. Thus, an alternative
scoring strategy for the CAPS-A was proposed (i.e., child’s refusal to point was scored as high anxiety). Post-hoc analyses
demonstrated good concurrent and adequate convergent validity with the alternative scoring strategy. 相似文献
166.
The Habitat Program at Wood’s Homes, Calgary, Alberta, is an eight bed residential treatment program for conduct-disordered
youth who have been exposed or subjected to high levels of violence in their family home. The program was based on the assumption
that working effectively with such youth requires consideration of the background experiences of family violence, yet traditional
treatment models often ignore or minimize the importance of these experiences. We present a clinical model which incorporates
aspects of milieu treatment, relationship-based daily interventions and elements of Jenkins’ invitational approach to working
with men and boys who use violence as well as Wade’s response-based approach to counseling with victims and perpetrators of
violence. The model also incorporates ideas based on Maruna’s research into recidivism and excuse-making. The purpose of the
model is twofold: to be broad enough to structure an overall treatment strategy based on the assumption that successful treatment
results from the cumulative effect of many interactions over time, and to be specific enough to guide staff in developing
strategies for specific situations that typically arise in daily interaction with the youth. We use a case example format
to illustrate how staff has utilized the model to engage youth in exploring both their experiences of violence in the family
home and in developing new ways of thinking and talking about behavioural choices. 相似文献
167.
Both domain-specific and expertise accounts of category specialization assume that generalization occurs within a domain but not between domains. Yet it is often difficult to define the boundaries and critical features of object domains. Differences in how categories are defined make it difficult to adjudicate between accounts of category specificity and may lead to contradictory results. For example, evidence for whether car experts recruit the fusiform face area is mixed, and this inconsistency may be due to the inclusion of antique cars in one of those previous studies (e.g., Grill-Spector, Knouf, & Kanwisher, 2004). The present study tested the generalization of expertise from modern to antique cars and found that modern-car experts showed expert discrimination and holistic processing of modern cars but not of antique cars. These findings suggest that the neural specialization underlying perceptual expertise is highly specific and may not generalize to distinct subclasses, even when they share some degree of perceptual and conceptual features. 相似文献
168.
Bringing automatic stereotyping under control: implementation intentions as efficient means of thought control 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The evidence for whether intentional control strategies can reduce automatic stereotyping is mixed. Therefore, the authors tested the utility of implementation intentions- specific plans linking a behavioral opportunity to a specific response-in reducing automatic bias. In three experiments, automatic stereotyping was reduced when participants made an intention to think specific counterstereotypical thoughts whenever they encountered a Black individual. The authors used two implicit tasks and process dissociation analysis, which allowed them to separate contributions of automatic and controlled thinking to task performance. Of importance, the reduction in stereotyping was driven by a change in automatic stereotyping and not controlled thinking. This benefit was acquired with little practice and generalized to novel faces. Thus, implementation intentions may be an effective and efficient means for controlling automatic aspects of thought. 相似文献
169.
The authors examined how an applicant's handshake influences hiring recommendations formed during the employment interview. A sample of 98 undergraduate students provided personality measures and participated in mock interviews during which the students received ratings of employment suitability. Five trained raters independently evaluated the quality of the handshake for each participant. Quality of handshake was related to interviewer hiring recommendations. Path analysis supported the handshake as mediating the effect of applicant extraversion on interviewer hiring recommendations, even after controlling for differences in candidate physical appearance and dress. Although women received lower ratings for the handshake, they did not on average receive lower assessments of employment suitability. Exploratory analysis suggested that the relationship between a firm handshake and interview ratings may be stronger for women than for men. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
170.
Societal threat, authoritarianism, conservatism, and U.S. state death penalty sentencing (1977-2004)
McCann SJ 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2008,94(5):913-923
On the basis of K. Stenner's (2005) authoritarian dynamic theory, it was hypothesized that the number of death sentences and executions would be higher in more threatened conservative states than in less threatened conservative states, and would be lower in more threatened liberal states than in less threatened liberal states. Threat was based on state homicide rate, violent crime rate, and non-White percentage of population. Conservatism was based on state voter ideological identification, Democratic and Republican Party elite liberalism-conservatism, policy liberalism-conservatism, religious fundamentalism, degree of economic freedom, and 2004 presidential election results. For 1977-2004, with controls for state population and years with a death penalty provision, the interactive hypothesis received consistent support using the state conservatism composite and voter ideological identification alone. As well, state conservatism was related to death penalties and executions, but state threat was not. The temporal stability of the findings was demonstrated with a split-half internal replication using the periods 1977-1990 and 1991-2004. The interactive hypothesis and the results also are discussed in the context of other threat-authoritarianism theories and terror management theory. 相似文献