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811.
Lise Solberg Nes Suzanne C. Segerstrom 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2008,2(6):2125-2140
Coping involves any effort to deal with difficult or challenging situations, and coping strategies vary, often depending on individual differences and situational circumstances. Research has typically characterized coping as either involving problem‐focused or emotion‐focused strategies, or sometimes approach or avoidance strategies. The current review suggests that a more useful distinction would be found in crossed dimensions, such as problem‐focused approach or avoidance, or emotion‐focused approach or avoidance. For example, the individual difference of dispositional optimism has been found to be positively associated with approach coping strategies seeking to solve or control either problems or emotions, depending on the type of stressor. Although widely used, current coping scales may contribute to a skewed view of coping strategies and may not adequately depict coping dimensions. The current review calls for revisions of current scales or creation of new and better scales. 相似文献
812.
Stevens SE Sonuga-Barke EJ Kreppner JM Beckett C Castle J Colvert E Groothues C Hawkins A Rutter M 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(3):385-398
The current study examined the persistence and phenotypic presentation of inattention/overactivity (I/O) into early adolescence,
in a sample of institution reared (IR) children adopted from Romania before the age of 43 months. Total sample comprised 144
IR and 21 non-IR Romanian adoptees, and a comparison group of 52 within-UK adoptees, assessed at ages 6 and 11 years. I/O
was rated using Rutter Scales completed by parents and teachers. I/O continued to be strongly associated with institutional
deprivation, with continuities between ages 6 and 11 outcomes. There were higher rates of deprivation-related I/O in boys
than girls, and I/O was strongly associated with conduct problems, disinhibited attachment and executive function but not
IQ more generally, independently of gender. Deprivation-related I/O shares many common features with ADHD, despite its different
etiology and putative developmental mechanisms. I/O is a persistent domain of impairment following early institutional deprivation
of 6 months or more, suggesting there may be a possible pathway to impairment through some form of neuro-developmental programming
during critical periods of early development. 相似文献
813.
Colvert E Rutter M Kreppner J Beckett C Castle J Groothues C Hawkins A Stevens S Sonuga-Barke EJ 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(7):1057-1068
Theory of Mind (ToM) and Executive Function (EF) have been associated with autism and with attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD), and hence might play a role in similar syndromes found following profound early institutional deprivation.
In order to examine this possibility the current study included a group of 165 Romanian adoptees, of whom 144 were adopted
into the UK from deprived institutional settings before 43months of age, and a group of 52 within-UK adoptees, all adopted
before 6months of age. Both groups were assessed at 6 and 11years. The Strange Stories task was used to assess ToM and the
Stroop task was used to assess EF, both at age 11. The Romanian adoptees displayed deficits in both ToM and EF compared with
the within-UK adoptee group. The degree of deficit was greater for children who had experienced more than 6months of institutional
deprivation. Deficits in both domains (ToM and EF) were associated with each of the three apparently deprivation-specific
problems, namely quasi-autism, disinhibited attachment and inattention/overactivity. Statistical analyses indicated a mediating
role for both ToM and EF with respect to quasi-autism; possibly a partial mediating role for EF with respect to inattention/overactivity;
and probably no mediating role for either ToM or EF in the case of disinhibited attachment. In conclusion, there is evidence
for a possible mediating role for ToM and EF in the development of some apparently deprivation-specific difficulties in institution-reared
Romanian adoptees, but neither accounts for the overall pattern of deprivation-related difficulties. 相似文献
814.
This study investigated relationship between reactive and proactive aggression, and narcissism, anxiety, schizotypal traits, and interpersonal relations in a sample of 698 Asian adolescents from Grades 7 to 9. Proactive aggression was found to be significantly associated with narcissism, whereas reactive aggression was significantly associated with anxiety, schizotypal traits, and poor interpersonal relations. Study findings provide support from a cross-cultural standpoint for differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression and represent an initial attempt to illustrate the generalizability of existing findings on the distinction between the two subtypes in an Asian context. Implications for theory building of the reactive-proactive aggression typology are discussed. 相似文献
815.
816.
Marc B. Schure John Christopher Suzanne Christopher 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2008,86(1):47-56
A 4‐year qualitative study examined the influence of teaching hatha yoga, meditation, and qigong to counseling graduate students. Participants in the 15‐week, 3‐credit mindfulness‐based stress reduction course reported positive physical, emotional, mental, spiritual, and interpersonal changes and substantial effects on their counseling skills and therapeutic relationships. Students expressed different preferences for and experiences with the 3 mindfulness practices. Most students reported intentions of integrating mindfulness practices into their future profession. 相似文献
817.
This paper uses chronic beryllium disease as a case study to explore some of the challenges for decision-making and some of
the problems for obtaining meaningful informed consent when the interpretation of screening results is complicated by their
probabilistic nature and is clouded by empirical uncertainty. Although avoidance of further beryllium exposure might seem
prudent for any individual whose test results suggest heightened disease risk, we will argue that such a clinical precautionary
approach is likely to be a mistake. Instead, advice on the interpretation of screening results must focus not on risk per
se, but on avoidable risk, and must be carefully tailored to the individual. These points are of importance for individual
decision-making, for informed consent, and for occupational health.
相似文献
Mark GreeneEmail: |
818.
The conventional understanding of the nation within social psychology is as a category of people or “imagined community.” However, work within the discursive tradition shows that citizens tend to discuss nationhood in a variety of modes, including the use of nonhuman categories such as references to the physical landscape of the country. This article aims to give a more comprehensive overview of how young people understand the Northern Irish identity, a new and potentially inclusive national category in a divided society, and how politicians articulate it in rhetoric. In Study 1, students (N = 286) discussed this identity in 44 peer‐led focus groups. Thematic analysis of their discussions shows four distinct ways in which it is constructed: as a distinctive people, as an identity claim, as a “hot” political project, and as a “cold” or banal indicator of place. In Study 2, Members of the Legislative Assembly at Stormont (N = 49) responded to open‐ended questions about the Northern Irish identity. Each of the parties used different conceptualizations for rhetorical effect. These results give a deeper understanding of the multifaceted nature of national identity and its ability to promote political agendas. 相似文献
819.
Suzanne L. K. Stewart Astrid Schepman Matthew Haigh Rhian McHugh Andrew J. Stewart 《Cognition & emotion》2019,33(2):272-287
The recognition of emotional facial expressions is often subject to contextual influence, particularly when the face and the context convey similar emotions. We investigated whether spontaneous, incidental affective theory of mind inferences made while reading vignettes describing social situations would produce context effects on the identification of same-valenced emotions (Experiment 1) as well as differently-valenced emotions (Experiment 2) conveyed by subsequently presented faces. Crucially, we found an effect of context on reaction times in both experiments while, in line with previous work, we found evidence for a context effect on accuracy only in Experiment 1. This demonstrates that affective theory of mind inferences made at the pragmatic level of a text can automatically, contextually influence the perceptual processing of emotional facial expressions in a separate task even when those emotions are of a distinctive valence. Thus, our novel findings suggest that language acts as a contextual influence to the recognition of emotional facial expressions for both same and different valences. 相似文献
820.
Ready-to-drinks (RTDs) are composed of an alcoholic component and a soft-drink base and are primarily consumed by a youth market. The authors explored whether liking and experience with an RTD soft-drink base predicts liking for the RTD. Participants (N=350) from ages 12 to 30 years sampled 3 RTDs and their respective soft-drink and alcoholic components. For milk- and fruit-based RTDs, liking for and familiarity with their soft-drink base was the best predictor of liking for and familiarity with the RTD itself. For the Coke-based RTD, familiarity with and liking for bourbon best predicted familiarity with and liking for the RTD. All of these effects were consistent across blind and nonblind testing. The authors' results suggest that where there is perceptual similarity between the RTD and its soft-drink base, these beverages may provide an easy transition into alcohol consumption for novice drinkers. 相似文献