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141.
This study assessed the nature of the person-team fit relationships for extraversion on members' attraction toward their teams. Unlike most studies of personality-based fit, which emphasize similarity, we predicted that complementary fit on extraversion (i.e., high individual-low team or low individual-high team levels) would result in greater attraction to the team. Data from two independent samples of intact project teams were analyzed, including 324 MBA students comprising 64 case analysis teams and 217 members of 26 manufacturing teams. Using polynomial regression analysis and three-dimensional surface plots, our results supported the predicted relationship. In addition, the data indicated that individuals who were more attracted to their teams were also better performers, as judged by their peers and supervisors. 相似文献
142.
Stevens MJ 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2005,23(4):507-526
Terrorism has a long history, which continues to unfold, and takes many forms. Notwithstanding these facts, there is no generally accepted definition of terrorism. I set forth the definitional issues that underlie the current debate about terrorism. By comparing terrorism with various forms of violence, I argue that it is plausible to construe terrorism as crime and, in support of this, I demonstrate why terrorism cannot be morally justified. Next, I cluster various immediate and long-term approaches intended to prevent terrorism, highlighting psychologically based strategies, such as behavioral profiling, teaching tolerance and citizenship, modifying media images of terrorism, and building peace. In order to understand and respond more effectively to 21st-century terrorism, I advocate adoption of a multidisciplinary, contextually sensitive approach. 相似文献
143.
To account for the size effect in numerical comparison, three assumptions about the internal structure of the mental number
line (e.g., Dehaene, 1992) have been proposed. These are magnitude coding (e.g., Zorzi & Butterworth, 1999), compressed scaling
(e.g., Dehaene, 1992), and increasing variability (e.g., Gallistel & Gelman, 1992). However, there are other tasks besides
numerical comparison for which there is clear evidence that the mental number line is accessed, and no size effect has been
observed in these tasks. This is contrary to the predictions of these three assumptions. Moreover, all three assumptions have
difficulties explaining certain symmetries in priming studies of number naming and parity judgment. We propose a neural network
model that avoids these three assumptions but, instead, uses place coding, linear scaling, and constant variability on the
mental number line. We train the model on naming, parity judgment, and comparison and show that the size effect appears in
comparison, but not in naming or parity judgment. Moreover, no asymmetries appear in primed naming or primed parity judgment
with this model, in line with empirical data. Implications of our findings are discussed. This work was supported by Grant
P5/04 from the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Program—Belgian Science Policy and by a GOA grant from the Ghent University
Research Council to W.F. 相似文献
144.
The degree of perceived force involved in squeezing a handgrip dynamometer is shown to grow as a power function of the force of isometric contraction and also as a power function of the duration of the squeeze. The exponent for force turns out to be more than twice that for duration. These two power functions are able to predict measurements of muscle endurance, i.e., of the maximum length of time that contraction of any constant level of force can be sustained. 相似文献
145.
S. S. Stevens 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1966,1(2):96-100
The relation of brightness to duration and luminance has been studied by matching one brightness to another and also by matching numbers to brightnesses (magnitude estimation). The two methods concur in confirming certain well-known visual functions: Bloch’s law, the Broca-Sulzer effect, and the shift of the Broca-Sulzer enhancement to shorter durations when luminance increases. It is shown that the shift with luminance requires the exponent of the power function for short-flash brightness to be larger than the exponent for stimuli of longer duration. An attempt is made to analyze some of the reasons why the procedure advocated by Graham may not give comparable results. 相似文献
146.
S. S. Stevens 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1966,1(1):5-8
Cross-modality matches have been made between loudness and ten other perceptual continua. The matching functions are all power functions. When the exponent values of the matching functions are divided by the exponent values previously determined for the various continua, the quotients predict values for the loudness exponent. A tentative consensus suggests that the loudness exponent may be about 0.64. 相似文献
147.
ON THE NEW PSYCHOPHYSICS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. S. Stevens 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1960,1(1):27-35
A discussion of problems and methods in modern psychophysics is presented. A distinction is made between prothetic and metathetic continua, and between ratio scales, category scales and what are called confusion scales. The paper includes a survey of some scaling experiments and reports the exponents of a number of power functions describing the relation between stimulus magnitude and subjective magnitude. 相似文献
148.
149.
Perceived warmth and skin temperature as functions of the duration and level of thermal irradiation!
This study examined the correlations among the degree of perceived warmth. the level and duration of irradiant flux. and the thermal response of the skin. For any constant duration. perceived warmth grew as a power function of the difference between the irradiant flux of the stimulus and the flux that approximates the absolute threshold for warmth. The exponent of the power function was about 0.87 for the shortest durations (2—6 sec). but rose to 1.04 for the longest duration of exposure (12 sec). For any constant level of flux. perceived warmth changed only slightly with duration. In contrast, superficial skin temperature. and inferred temperatures of deeper layers of the skin, rose continuously and markedly with duration. Neither the change in tissue temperature. nor the rate of change of tissue temperature, nor thermal gradient correlated consistently with level of perceived warmth. The change in the difference between the temperature 0.2 mm and that 1.0 mm below the skin surface provided a fairly good but not perfect correlate to perceived warmth. The findings suggest the possibility that sensory adaptation at the site of the receptor system mediating warmth could act in such a way as nearly to offset the effect of rising skin temperature with increased duration ofstimulation. 相似文献
150.
James A. Boydstun Peggy T. Ackerman Douglas A. Stevens Sam D. Clements John E. Peters Roscoe A. Dykman 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1968,3(2):81-104
Twenty-six children diagnosed as having minimal brain dysfunctions (MBD) were compared with 26 controls in a conditinoing and generalization procedure. Skin resistance, heart rate, and muscle action potentials were monitored throughout. Success involved learning which of two tones signalled the accessibility of a penny. Whereas 92 per cent of controls reached the criterion of five successive correct responses, only 62 per cent of MBD’s did. Further, a third of the MBD’s were so maladaptive as to force procedural variations, while only a few minor irregularities occurred with the controls. Quality of performance was related to age, intelligence, and ability to discriminate and remember tones. Controls were more physiologically reactive than MBD’s, especially in skin resistance. Physiologic differentiation of the two tones was significant in both groups of children and appeared concurrently with motor differentiation. The only evidence of physiologic generalization was in the SR data of controls. The possibility that defective arousal structures, or defective coupling of arousal structures and other perceptual and motor structures, could account for the decreased physiologic reactivity, short attention spans, and poor concentration ofsome MBD’s is discussed. This research, in conformity with other laboratory studies of the brain, indicates that motivational as well as cognitive defects may be organically based. 相似文献