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191.
Graham Stevens 《Philosophical Studies》2009,143(2):213-221
In this paper I defend Kaplan’s claim that the sentence “I am here now” is logically true. A number of counter-examples to
the claim have been proposed, including occurrences of the sentence in answerphone messages, written notes left for later
decoding, etc. These counter-examples are only convincing if they can be shown to be cases where the correct context with
respect to which the utterance should be evaluated is the context in which it is decoded rather than encoded. I argue that
this is not the case, and draw on the distinction between force and content to suggest an alternative account of how information
is communicated in these cases that is consistent with Kaplan’s semantic theory.
相似文献
Graham StevensEmail: |
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193.
The effects of exercise duration on mood state were examined. In a repeated-measures design, the Profile of Mood States inventory (D. M. McNair, M. Lorr, & L. F. Droppleman, 1971) was administered before and after 1 quiet resting trial and 3 exercise trials of 10, 20, and 30 min on a bicycle ergometer. Heart rate levels were controlled at 60% of the participant's estimated VO2max level. An overall analysis of variance found improved levels of vigor with reduced levels of confusion, fatigue, and total negative mood. Planned analyses revealed that the improvements in vigor, fatigue, and total mood occurred after 10 min of exercise, with progressive improvements in confusion over 20 min and with no additional improvement over longer periods. These results complement current recommendations, which suggest that to experience positive fitness and health benefits, healthy adults should participate in a total of 30 min of moderate physical exercise daily, accumulated in short bouts throughout the day. 相似文献
194.
Jennifer Stevens Aubrey 《Sex roles》2010,63(1-2):50-63
The present research had two goals: (1) to document how health advice is framed on the covers of women’s health magazines, and (2) to investigate whether exposure to appearance frames (i.e., do something in order to look better) affected women’s body-related self-perceptions compared to health frames (i.e., to do something in order to feel better). Study 1, a content analysis of 426 cover headlines on the five highest-circulating women’s health magazines in the United States, revealed that appearance frames were just as prevalent as health frames. Study 2, an experiment conducted on 103 U.S. undergraduate women, showed that those assigned to appearance frames reported more body shame and appearance-related motivation to exercise than women assigned to health frames. 相似文献
195.
Deanna Zachary Susan Brutschy Sue West Tracy Keenan Abigail Stevens 《Applied research in quality of life》2010,5(4):287-308
Community indicator projects have the potential to deliver new knowledge about the quality of life in local communities and
drive actions to improve them (Phillips 2003; Holden Social Indicators Research 92:429–448, 2009; Memon and Johnstone 2008). However, the connection between the information produced by community indicator projects and the actions taken to improve
conditions in communities remains under-researched (Holden Social Indicators Research 92:429–448, 2009; Hezri and Dovers Ecological Economics 60:86–99, 2006). This is because community indicator projects have mainly been conceptualized as producing information for action rather
than as part of an action process (Memon and Johnstone 2008). This paper provides a case study of a community indicator project with an explicit plan to move beyond the data and into
action. A review of one of the oldest community indicator projects in the United States, the Santa Cruz County Community Assessment
Project (CAP) demonstrates how an action oriented community improvement cycle has contributed to measurable improvements for
children and youth in one California County. The paper identifies key elements that were important for turning CAP data into
local actions and concludes with lessons for community indicator practitioners and questions for future research. 相似文献
196.
Geuss MN Stefanucci JK de Benedictis-Kessner J Stevens NR 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2010,72(7):1890-1902
Previous research has demonstrated that manipulating vision influences balance. Here, we question whether manipulating balance can influence vision and how it may influence vision--specifically, the perception of width. In Experiment 1, participants estimated the width of beams while balanced and unbalanced. When unbalanced, participants judged the widths to be smaller. One possible explanation is that unbalanced participants did not view the stimulus as long as when balanced because they were focused on remaining balanced. In Experiment 2, we tested this notion by limiting viewing time. Experiment 2 replicated the findings of Experiment 1, but viewing time had no effect on width judgments. In Experiment 3, participants' level of arousal was manipulated, because the balancing task likely produced arousal. While jogging, participants judged the beams to be smaller. In Experiment 4, participants completed another arousing task (counting backward by sevens) that did not involve movement. Again, participants judged the beams to be smaller when aroused. Experiment 5A raised participants' level of arousal before estimating the board widths (to control for potential dual-task effects) and showed that heightened arousal still influenced perceived width of the boards. Collectively, heightened levels of arousal, caused by multiple manipulations (including balance), influenced perceived width. 相似文献
197.
Graham Stevens 《Synthese》2006,151(1):99-124
Bertrand Russell’s 1903 masterpiece The Principles of Mathematics places great emphasis on the need to separate propositions from psychological items such as thoughts. In 1919 (and until
the end of his career) Russell explicitly retracts this view, however, and defines propositions as “psychological occurrences”.
These psychological occurrences are held by Russell to be mental images. In this paper, I seek to explain this radical change
of heart. I argue that Russell’s re-psychologising of the proposition in 1919 can only be understood against the background
of his struggle with the problem of the unity of the proposition in earlier work. Once this is recognized, and the solution
to the problem offered by the 1919 theory is appreciated, new light is also shed on Russell’s naturalism. I go on to compare
Russell’s psychological “picture theory” with the vehemently anti-psychological picture theory of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and suggest that, once the background of the dispute is brought into clearer focus, Russell’s position can be seen to have
many advantages over its more celebrated rival. 相似文献
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199.
Andre?PittigEmail author Stephan?Stevens Bram?Vervliet Michael?Treanor Christopher C.?Conway Tomislav?Zbozinek Michelle G.?Craske 《Psychotherapeut》2015,60(5):401-418
Exposure is an effective approach for treating anxiety disorders, although a substantial number of individuals fail to benefit or experience a return of fear. Research results suggest that anxious individuals show deficits in the mechanisms underlying exposure therapy, such as inhibitory learning. Targeting these processes may help improve the efficacy of exposure; however, there has been little discussion of how to implement this model in clinical practice. The primary aim of this paper is to provide examples to clinicians for how to apply this model to optimize exposure therapy, in ways that distinguish it from a fear habituation approach and a belief disconfirmation approach. Optimization strategies include (1) expectancy violation, (2) deepened extinction, (3) occasional reinforced extinction, (4) removal of safety signals, (5) variability, (6) retrieval cues, (7) multiple contexts and (8) affect labeling. Case studies illustrate methods of applying these techniques with a variety of anxiety disorders. 相似文献
200.
Stacia Gilliard-Matthews Robin Stevens Madison Nilsen Jamie Dunaev 《Deviant behavior》2015,36(6):492-509
The current study utilizes in-depth interviews with inner city African-American and Latino adolescents to understand how they negotiate initial substance use. We applied the social norms approach to explore the role of peers, family, and neighborhood on adolescents’ initial substance use. Utilizing data from 36 interview participants, our analysis revealed that extended family members were pivotal in providing adolescents with their initial alcohol; however, female adolescents were more likely than male adolescents to acquire marijuana from their male peers, for free. Understanding situational contexts underlying initial substance use is imperative for future interventions with this population. 相似文献