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961.
The abrupt appearance of a new perceptual object in the visual field typically captures visual attention. However, if attention is focused in advance on a different location, onsets can fail to capture attention (Yantis & Jonides, 1990). In the present experiments, we investigated the extent to which the deployment of attention to the local level of a hierarchical scene may be affected by the abrupt appearance of a new object at the global level. Participants searched for a semi-disk target in an array of randomly oriented segmented disks (“pacmen”). On half the trials, a subset of the segmented disks induced a subjective square. On these critical trials, participants were significantly slower to respond to the presence of a local target even though the local features of the display were qualitatively identical across all conditions. This slowing was absent when outline pacmen were used (which do not induce subjective figures) and when the subjective square was perceptually old. When the participants’ task was defined at the global level of the display, a new local element failed to capture attention, suggesting an asymmetry in the ability of objects at different levels of a hierarchical scene to capture attention. In a control experiment, a new local element captured attention, however, when the participants’ task was defined at the local level, indicating that the local item was in principle capable of capturing attention. It is argued that global objects capture attention because they convey important information about the environment that is not available at the local level. 相似文献
962.
Steven M. Schwartz Sandy E. Gramling Revonda Grayson 《International journal of stress management》2001,8(1):35-47
Facial pain is frequently associated with environmental stress and emotional distress. One hypothetical mechanism by which stress is translated into pain is through stress induced motor function (e.g., teeth clenching, grinding, nail biting). Existent data partially supports these stress-hyperactivity models although they have also come under theoretical and empirical attack. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between oral behaviors and pain in an analog sample of facial pain sufferers and student controls. Subjects engaged in a controlled clenching task and reported on subjective facial pain intensity and unpleasantness at 5 specified times over the subsequent 48 hours. A one-way ANCOVA indicated group differences in self reported oral habits (p < .05) with the facial pain group reporting great frequency of oral habits. Two repeated measures ANCOVAs (i.e., pain intensity and pain unpleasantness), controlling for baseline pain ratings, indicated a between groups effect with facial pain sufferers experiencing significantly greater pain over the 48 hours postexperiment (p < .05). This study supports a hyperactivity model of facial pain and provides clues about relevant factors in facial pain development. 相似文献
963.
This note from the classroom suggests that multicolor highlighting is a useful study technique for religious studies students. The note first reviews the literature regarding the effectiveness of traditional highlighting, then discusses advantages of the modified technique. Monochrome highlighting works only if readers select text through a discriminating reading process. Reading in colors fosters this sort of active reading. It prompts readers to ask how and why a given term, phrase or passage is important. This technique can help students grasp the basic categories and concepts of the discipline and it can embody course requirements or learning outcomes. The note concludes with practical suggestions for using the technique in the classroom. 相似文献
964.
There are many methodological differences between Web-based studies, differences that could substantially affect the results.
The present study investigated whether sample type, offering payment through a lottery, and requiring participants to enter
personal information would affect dropout rates and/or the substantive results in a study of jury decision making in capital
cases. Asking participants to enter their e-mail addresses increased dropout rates, and offering payment through a lottery
tended to do so as well. Participants offered payment tended to be less likely to give death sentences, and sample type moderated
the influence of attitudes toward the death penalty on verdicts. 相似文献
965.
Sortal predicates have been associated with a counting process, which acts as a criterion of identity for the individuals
they correctly apply to. We discuss in what sense certain types of predicates suggested by quantum physics deserve the title
of ‘sortal’ as well, although they do not characterize either a process of counting or a criterion of identity for the entities
that fall under them. We call such predicates ‘quantum-sortal predicates’ and, instead of a process of counting, to them is
associated a ‘criterion of cardinality’. After their general characterization, it is discussed how these predicates can be
formally described.
To Patrick Suppes on his 80th birthday. 相似文献
966.
This study assessed the speed of recognition of facial emotional expressions (happy and angry) as a function of violent video game play. Color photos of calm facial expressions morphed to either an angry or a happy facial expression. Participants were asked to make a speeded identification of the emotion (happiness or anger) during the morph. Typically, happy faces are identified faster than angry faces (the happy-face advantage). Results indicated that playing a violent video game led to a reduction in the happy face advantage. Implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the current models of aggressive behavior. 相似文献
967.
Rholes WS Simpson JA Tran S Martin AM Friedman M 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2007,33(3):422-438
Testing predictions derived from attachment theory, this research investigated how adult attachment orientations are associated with selective exposure to information about the self, one's partner, and one's relationship. The results of two studies revealed that (a) more avoidantly attached individuals have limited interest in knowing their partner's intimate thoughts and feelings, (b) more anxiously attached individuals selectively prefer information on intimate topics pertaining to their partner and relationship and focus on information that highlights their own as well as their partner's shortcomings, and (c) regardless of attachment orientation, individuals express interest in learning about the negative relationship behaviors and characteristics of their insecurely attached partners. These findings suggest that selective information seeking may have important effects on relationships and may help explain how attachment orientations affect important relationship outcomes. 相似文献
968.
A recent meta-analysis on cross-cultural studies of self-enhancement finds that evidence for East Asian self-enhancement is
consistently apparent only in studies where participants compare themselves to the average other, aka the “Better-than-Average”
Effect (BAE). However, prior research has suggested that the BAE may conflate motivations to view the self in a positive light
with non-motivational factors, such as a tendency to evaluate “everyone as better than average” [EBTA; Klar Y, Gilladi EE
(1997) J Personal Soc Psychol 73:885–901]. In two studies, European-Canadian, Asian-Canadian, and Japanese students were asked
to evaluate themselves as well as a fictitious student compared to the average. Replicating prior research, evidence for Japanese
self-enhancement was found with the BAE, albeit weaker than Canadians. However, in the measures where the EBTA effect was
circumvented, self-enhancement was no longer evident among Japanese. Likewise, within the BAE method, prior research has found
that East Asians self-enhance more for important than unimportant traits. When the EBTA effect was circumvented this correlation
was also significantly reduced. Findings from this research converge with other sources of evidence that East Asians do not
appear to be motivated to self-enhance.
相似文献
Steven J. HeineEmail: |
969.
Interactions between visual attention and visual short-term memory (VSTM) play a central role in cognitive processing. For example, attention can assist in selectively encoding items into visual memory. Attention appears to be able to influence items already stored in visual memory, as well; cues that appear long after the presentation of an array of objects can affect memory for those objects (Griffin & Nobre, 2003). In five experiments, we distinguished two possible mechanisms for the effects of cues on items currently stored in VSTM. A protection account proposes that attention protects the cued item from becoming degraded during the retention interval. By contrast, aprioritization account suggests that attention increases a cued item's priority during the comparison process that occurs when memory is tested. The results of the experiments were consistent with the first of these possibilities, suggesting that attention can serve to protect VSTM representations while they are being maintained. 相似文献
970.
Using metacontrast masking to suppress the conscious registration of a prime stimulus, Breitmeyer, Ro, and Singhal (2004) showed that color priming produced by a masked prime disk occurs at unconscious stimulus-dependent rather than at percept-dependent levels of visual processing. The current set of experiments compares this type of unconscious stimulus-dependent priming to conscious priming produced by a prime that, in two separate ways, is rendered visible and thus activates percept-dependent visual processes. The results indicate that while the masked prime again acts at a stimulus-dependent level of processing, the unmasked, visible primes additionally act at a later percept-dependent level of processing. 相似文献