Epidemiological studies of categorical mental disorders consistently report that gender differences exist in many disorder prevalence rates and that disorders are often comorbid. Can a dimensional multivariate liability model be developed to clarify how gender impacts diverse, comorbid mental disorders? We pursued this possibility in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC; N = 43,093). Gender differences in prevalence were systematic such that women showed higher rates of mood and anxiety disorders, and men showed higher rates of antisocial personality and substance use disorders. We next investigated patterns of disorder comorbidity and found that a dimensional internalizing-externalizing liability model fit the data well, where internalizing is characterized by mood and anxiety disorders, and externalizing is characterized by antisocial personality and substance use disorders. This model was gender invariant, indicating that observed gender differences in prevalence rates originate from women and men's different average standings on latent internalizing and externalizing liability dimensions. As hypothesized, women showed a higher mean level of internalizing, while men showed a higher mean level of externalizing. We discuss implications of these findings for understanding gender differences in psychopathology and for classification and intervention. 相似文献
Works cited in six forensic psychology journals published 2008-2010 were counted to identify the most frequently cited journals. The sample of works cited (N = 21,776) was not a definitive ranked list of important journals in forensic psychology, but was large enough to indicate high-impact journals. The list of frequently cited publications included more general psychiatry and psychology journals than titles specific to forensic psychology. The implications of the proportion of general versus specific titles for collections supporting research in forensic psychology were discussed. 相似文献
Relatively little is known about the potential interplay between genetic and environmental influences on attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD), including gene-environment interaction (G×E). There is evidence that parenting behavior interacts with offspring
genotype in the development of externalizing problems, but studies have largely focused on explicit maltreatment rather than
differentiated measures of parenting behavior, including positive and negative parenting. We tested the interactive effects
of the 30-base pair variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase A gene (MAO-A) with positive
and negative parenting behavior on parent- and teacher ratings of inattention and hyperactivity symptoms among 150 6–9 year-old
boys with and without ADHD. Negative parenting predicted parent and teacher ratings of inattention symptoms, but only among
boys with high-activity MAO-A genotype. MAO-A genotype did not moderate the association of positive parenting and parent-
and teacher ratings of ADHD. We discuss the potential role of interactive exchanges between parenting behavior and child genotype
in the development and persistence of ADHD and related behavior problems. 相似文献
A social justice orientation for counseling is appealing to many but appears to some to violate counselor neutrality and respect for client freedom and rights. Confusion about neutrality and advocacy in the counseling field seems to reflect confused assumptions and values in the wider culture. As a result, counseling is guided more by a disguised ideology of liberal individualism than an objective theory or value‐neutral principles. The authors suggest that a hermeneutic, dialogical framework for counseling has the potential to resolve much of this confusion and to refine and broaden a social justice approach in needed ways. 相似文献
This article is concerned with how information about time and position in a sequence is represented in short-term memory and
expressed in the dynamics of serial recall. Temporal-distinctiveness theories of memory predict that isolating a list item
in time will improve recall accuracy for that item. Although the majority of research in short-term memory has failed to demonstrate
a temporal isolation effect (TIE), there are occasions on which a TIE is observed. The disparity in results has been explained
by assuming that participants can adaptively weight temporal and nontemporal information at retrieval, with differences between
experiments promoting or discouraging reliance on time as a source of episodic information. A particular focus of the present
study is the finding that the TIE is substantially observed in standard serial recall only when participants are instructed
to group the list into minisequences. The findings of two experiments using instructed grouping replicated this effect but
showed that it is attributable to a longer gap at the group boundary enhancing the positive effect of grouping on recall accuracy.
These results show that the hierarchical representations usually associated with temporal grouping are also elicited by instructed
grouping but that an additional and nonspecific benefit to recall obtains from lengthening the pause between groups. An additional
role for time is identified in the timing of responses: The dynamics of input sequences tend to be mirrored in output sequences
for ungrouped lists, whereas the primacy pattern in grouped lists is for a longer duration to speed access to the following
group when that duration occurs at an instructed group boundary. 相似文献
The aim of this study is to assess the impact of hearing status on age-related decrease in verbal short-term memory (STM) performance. This was done by administering a battery of verbal STM tasks to elderly and young adult participants matched for hearing thresholds, as well as to young normal-hearing control participants. The matching procedure allowed us to assess the importance of hearing loss as an explanatory factor of age-related STM decline. We observed that elderly participants and hearing-matched young participants showed equal levels of performance in all verbal STM tasks, and performed overall lower than the normal-hearing young control participants. This study provides evidence for recent theoretical accounts considering reduced hearing level as an important explanatory factor of poor auditory-verbal STM performance in older adults. 相似文献
Though emotional processing deficits are often conceptualized as a core feature of psychopathy, the common assessment of these deficits using the percentage correct (or hit rate) on affect recognition tasks may not provide a full or accurate picture of facial affect recognition in psychopathic individuals. Signal detection theory (SDT) provides a more informative statistical approach by providing independent measures of perceptual sensitivity (d’) and willingness to report perceiving a signal or response criterion (c). The current study employed signal detection methods to test the predictions of the integrated emotion systems and hostile attribution bias perspectives, two theoretical perspectives that make specific predictions regarding facial affect recognition. These perspectives were tested in a sample of 280 adult male incarcerated offenders who were assessed for psychopathy using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and who completed a novel test of facial affect recognition presenting 324 digital morphs of faces reflecting systematic combinations of pixels from neutral and affective face images (displaying six different types of emotion) as expressed by four different actors. The findings were generally not consistent with either of these perspectives. Psychopathy was negatively associated with d` for anger. Results also indicated an effect of psychopathy on response criterion for fear and effects of psychopathy on response criterion for anger and surprise that were evident only for some actors. The implications of these findings are considered through the lenses of several theoretical perspectives, and theoretical and methodological limitations of the current study are considered.