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201.
The reminiscence bump is the tendency to recall relatively many personal events from the period in which the individual was between 10 and 30 years
old. This effect has only been found in autobiographical memory studies that used participants who were older than 40 years
of age. The increased recall of recent events possibly obscures the reminiscence bump in the results of younger participants.
In this study, a model was proposed that removes the increase for recent events from the temporal distribution. The model
basically estimates a retention function based on the 10 most recent years from the observed distributions and divides the
observed distributions by predictions derived from the estimated retention function. The model was examined with three simulated
data sets and one experimental data set. The results of the experiment offered two practical examples of how the model could
be used to investigate the temporal distribution of autobiographical memories. 相似文献
202.
Despite extensive research, the role of phonological short-term memory (STM) during oral sentence comprehension remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that phonological STM is involved in phonological analysis stages of the incoming words, but not in sentence comprehension per se. We compared phonological STM capacity and processing times for natural sentences and sentences containing phonetically ambiguous words. The sentences were presented for an auditory sentence anomaly judgement task and processing times for each word were measured. STM was measured via nonword and word immediate serial recall tasks, indexing phonological and lexicosemantic STM capacity, respectively. Significantly increased processing times were observed for phonetically ambiguous words, relative to natural stimuli in same sentence positions. Phonological STM capacity correlated with the size of this phonetic ambiguity effect. However, phonological STM capacity did not correlate with measures of later semantic integration processes while lexicosemantic STM did. This study suggests that phonological STM is associated with phonological analysis processes during sentence processing. 相似文献
203.
204.
Telephone psychotherapy is an emerging form of delivery of care that has recently demonstrated utility and efficacy for adult depression when provided as an adjunct to antidepressant treatment in primary care trials. This study constitutes one of the initial evaluations of cognitive behavioral therapy-telephone treatment (CBT-TT) as a stand-alone treatment for adult depression in specialty care. Thirty adults initiating psychotherapy for depression at a mental health clinic participated in the trial. The majority of participants (69%) were very satisfied with the 8-session CBT-TT, reduction in depression severity was significant over 3 and 6 months, and 42% of participants were considered recovered at termination. These outcomes closely parallel the findings from an earlier primary care trial, despite specialty care participants beginning treatment with more severe depression and without adjunctive antidepressant medication. These findings suggest that CBT-TT for adult depression is feasible and has potential as a stand-alone treatment. Implementation of this telephone-based delivery approach in primary and specialty care settings is discussed. 相似文献
205.
In this paper we explore the logic and implications of the social identity approach to group processes. The theory argues
that the consequences of social identification for behaviour are not simple givens. Rather than making generalisations about
the behaviour that flows from social identification, the theory makes the point that behaviour depends upon the way in which
identities are defined. This emphasis upon the contents of social identities draws our attention to their construction and
we pay particular attention to how group identities are made and remade in and through argument and social practice. We argue
that attention to the dynamics of identity construction means that this perspective is respectful of culture and cultural
difference and that the social identity approach therefore has considerable value in exploring the politics and practice of
identity wherever group behaviour may be found. Moreover, we argue that the ubiquity of identity-related argument across cultures
and contexts reflects the fact that group identity is a basis for social power. 相似文献
206.
Van Rinsveld Amandine Schiltz Christine Majerus Steve Fayol Michel 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2020,27(1):122-129
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review - Learning how to count is a crucial step in cognitive development, which progressively allows for more elaborate numerical processing. The existing body of... 相似文献
207.
Steve Taylor 《Zygon》2020,55(4):898-923
This article is an introduction to a philosophical approach termed “panspiritism.” The fundamental principles of this approach are summarized, with discussion of how it links to earlier (mainly Eastern) philosophical perspectives, how it differs from panpsychism and its relationship to idealism and theism. Issues such as the relationship between mind and matter, the relationship between the mind and the brain, and the emergence of mind are discussed from a “panspiritist” perspective. There is a discussion of how panspiritism relates to mystical experiences. The article concludes by suggesting that this approach can help to elucidate a wide range of phenomena that appear anomalous or problematic from a materialist point of view. 相似文献
208.
Over 100,000 verbal and visuospatial immediate and delayed memory tests were presented via the Internet to over 28,000 participants in the age range of 11 to 80. Structural equation modeling pointed to the verbal versus visuospatial dimension as an important factor in individual differences, but not the immediate versus delayed dimension. We found a linear decrease of 1% to 3% per year in overall memory performance past the age of 25. For visuospatial tests, this decrease started at age 18 and was twice as fast as the decrease of verbal memory. There were strong effects of education, with the highest educated group sometimes scoring one full standard deviation above the lowest educated group. Gender effects were small but as expected: women outperformed men on the verbal memory tasks; men outperformed women on the visuospatial tasks. We also found evidence of increasing proneness to false memory with age. Memory for recent news events did not show a decrease with age. 相似文献
209.
Kathryn E. Jaspers Robert L. Williams Christopher H. Skinner David Cihak R. Steve McCallum Dennis J. Ciancio 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2012,21(1):80-98
We used an adapted alternating treatments design to evaluate and compare the effects of 2 spelling interventions on spelling
acquisition and maintenance, word reading, and vocabulary in three first-grade students. The first intervention, Cover, Copy,
and Compare (CCC), involved having participants look at a word, cover it, write it, then compare the written response with
the original stimulus. For the second intervention, Cover, Copy, and Compare + Sentence Definition (CCC + SD), CCC was supplemented
with the experimenter reading a sentence containing the word and a brief definition of the word. Results showed that both
interventions increased participants’ spelling at an equivalent rate, which was greater than a control condition. All participants
showed greater gains in word reading in the 2 interventions than the control condition, and only 1 participant was better
able to define words learned in the CCC + SD condition relative to the CCC condition. 相似文献
210.
Behavioral versus Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatment in ADHD Children Attending a Summer Treatment Program 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Pelham WE Gnagy EM Greiner AR Hoza B Hinshaw SP Swanson JM Simpson S Shapiro C Bukstein O Baron-Myak C McBurnett K 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2000,28(6):507-525
As part of the behavioral treatment in the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA), children participated in an intensive summer treatment program (STP). This study examined the differences between 57 children in the combined treatment (Comb) group, who were medicated, and 60 children in the behavioral treatment (Beh) group, who were unmedicated throughout the STP. Comb children were significantly better than Beh on 5 measures: rule following, good sportsmanship, peer negative nominations, and STP teacher posttreatment ratings of inattention/overactivity. Groups did not differ on any of the other 30 measures, and responded similarly to the STP over time. Comparisons to normative data revealed that Comb children were more likely to fall within the normative range on 6 measures. The differences between these results and the main MTA results, in which Comb was always superior to Beh, are discussed in terms of the relative intensity of combined treatments. The implications for future studies of pharmacological and behavioral treatment for ADHD are discussed. 相似文献