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151.
We examined the spatial and temporal limitations of the visual corrective process in goal-directed aiming, as well as gender differences in online control. An initial experiment was conducted to test the utility of a monocular switch procedure as a method of rapidly introducing a visual perturbation. The results revealed minimal effect of the monocular switch on movement time and the endpoint error. Following this control experiment, prismatic displacement was introduced at the initiation of and during the movement. In the third experiment, the prism was presented prior to movement initiation, and then removed at the beginning of or during the movement. Movement trajectories were most influenced by the early presentation and removal of the prism, and female performance was significantly more affected by both perturbations than male performance. 相似文献
152.
Evolutionary scientists argue that human cooperation is the product of a long history of competition among rival groups. There are various reasons to believe that this logic applies particularly to men. In three experiments, using a step-level public-goods task, we found that men contributed more to their group if their group was competing with other groups than if there was no intergroup competition. Female cooperation was relatively unaffected by intergroup competition. These findings suggest that men respond more strongly than women to intergroup threats. We speculate about the evolutionary origins of this gender difference and note some implications. 相似文献
153.
Temporal distribution of favourite books, movies, and records: differential encoding and re-sampling 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The reminiscence bump is the effect that people recall more personal events from early adulthood than from childhood or adulthood. The bump has been examined extensively. However, the question of whether the bump is caused by differential encoding or re-sampling is still unanswered. To examine this issue, participants were asked to name their three favourite books, movies, and records. Furthermore,they were asked when they first encountered them. We compared the temporal distributions and found that they all showed recency effects and reminiscence bumps. The distribution of favourite books had the largest recency effect and the distribution of favourite records had the largest reminiscence bump. We can explain these results by the difference in rehearsal. Books are read two or three times, movies are watched more frequently, whereas records are listened to numerous times. The results suggest that differential encoding initially causes the reminiscence bump and that re-sampling increases the bump further. 相似文献
154.
Berg WK Wacker DP Cigrand K Merkle S Wade J Henry K Wang YC 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2007,40(3):545-552
The results of a functional analysis of problem behavior and a paired-choice assessment were compared to determine whether the same social reinforcers were identified for problem behavior and an appropriate response (time allocation). The two assessments were conducted in classroom settings with 4 adolescents with mental retardation who engaged in severe problem behavior. Each student's classroom teacher served as the therapist for all phases of assessment. The two assessment procedures identified the same social reinforcers for problem and appropriate behavior for 3 of 4 participants. 相似文献
155.
The mixed-list paradox is the finding that high-frequency words show a recall advantage in blocked lists, but that this advantage
is reversed or nullified in mixed lists. We argue that this paradox has been poorly defined. Specifically, researchers should
investigate random and alternating lists separately. We examine blocked, random, and alternating lists in our experiment.
We hypothesize that a low-frequency recall advantage could arise due to asymmetrically strong links between low- and high-frequency
words. Supporting our hypothesis, a lowfrequency recall advantage is observed in the random list, as is an asymmetry of association.
In the alternating list, no recall advantage is observed, and neither is any asymmetry of association. Our results offer a
clear challenge to future research to (1) consider the associations between word frequencies and (2) consider random and alternating
lists separately. 相似文献
156.
Eye-blink conditioning is associated with changes in synaptic ultrastructure in the rabbit interpositus nuclei 下载免费PDF全文
Weeks AC Connor S Hinchcliff R LeBoutillier JC Thompson RF Petit TL 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2007,14(6):385-389
Eye-blink conditioning involves the pairing of a conditioned stimulus (usually a tone) to an unconditioned stimulus (air puff), and it is well established that an intact cerebellum and interpositus nucleus, in particular, are required for this form of classical conditioning. Changes in synaptic number or structure have long been proposed as a mechanism that may underlie learning and memory, but localizing these changes has been difficult. Thus, the current experiment took advantage of the large amount of research conducted on the neural circuitry that supports eye-blink conditioning by examining synaptic changes in the rabbit interpositus nucleus. Synaptic quantifications included total number of synapses per neuron, numbers of excitatory versus inhibitory synapses, synaptic curvature, synaptic perforations, and the maximum length of the synapses. No overall changes in synaptic number, shape, or perforations were observed. There was, however, a significant increase in the length of excitatory synapses in the conditioned animals. This increase in synaptic length was particularly evident in the concave-shaped synapses. These results, together with previous findings, begin to describe a sequence of synaptic change in the interpositus nuclei following eye-blink conditioning that would appear to begin with structural change and end with an increase in synaptic number. 相似文献
157.
Steve Bruce 《Journal of Contemporary Religion》2007,22(1):1-17
In Britain at least, secularisation has proceeded to the point where the characteristics that conventionally divide churches, denominations, sects, and cults as types of religious organisation have largely disappeared. Drawing on survey data and newspaper reports collected over the last three decades, we argue that societal hostility now focuses so narrowly on tangential aspects of religion that the characteristic of existing in a high degree of tension with the wider environment (which is central to most definitions of the sect) is increasingly rare and is now likely to be applied to churches and denominations. The article concludes with a suggestion for a new typology. 相似文献
158.
Gilad Chen Ruth Kanfer Richard P. DeShon John E. Mathieu Steve W.J. Kozlowski 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2009,110(1):45-55
Although individual- and team-level studies of motivational processes abound, very few have sought to link such phenomena across levels. Filling this gap, we build upon Chen and Kanfer’s (2006) multilevel theoretical model of motivation in teams, to advance and test a cross-level model of relationships between individual and team motivation and performance. Data from two samples of undergraduates performing simulated team tasks supported the direct and mediated cross-level relationships between team-level prior performance, efficacy, and action processes with individual-level self-efficacy, goal striving, and performance. The findings provide support for a multilevel, system-based formulation of motivation and performance in teams. Findings also contribute to the on-going debate on whether motivational processes account for performance once controlling for prior performance. 相似文献
159.
Pamela Qualter Stephanie J. Quinton Hugh Wagner Steve Brown 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(6):1461-1479
Loneliness has been linked to emotional knowledge and interpersonal distrust, but it is unknown whether it is mediated or moderated by these variables. Using self‐report measures, the relationship between loneliness, interpersonal distrust, and alexithymia was investigated in undergraduate students (N = 224). Analyses showed a direct relationship between alexithymia and social, family, and romantic loneliness. We also found that interpersonal distrust partly mediates this relationship, and that alexithymia and interpersonal distrust interacted to predict social and family loneliness. These findings suggest that links between the different facets of alexithymia, interpersonal distrust, and loneliness are complex and multifaceted, and they are discussed with regard to interventions for young adults. 相似文献
160.
van Loosbroek E Dirkx GS Hulstijn W Janssen F 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,102(1):26-39
Our study focused on number transcoding in children. It investigated how 9-year-olds with and without arithmetical disabilities wrote Arabic digits after they had heard them as number words. Planning time before writing each digit was registered. Analyses revealed that the two groups differed not only in arithmetical abilities but also in verbal and reading abilities. Children with arithmetical disabilities were overall slower in planning Arabic digits than were control children with normal arithmetical abilities. In addition, they showed a number size effect for numbers smaller than 10, suggesting a semantically mediated route in number processing. Control children did not need more planning time for large numbers (e.g., 8) than for small numbers (e.g., 3), suggesting a direct nonsemantic route. For both two- and three-digit numbers, both groups of children showed a number size effect, although the effect was smaller each time for control children. The presence of the stronger number size effect for children with arithmetical disabilities was seen as a delay in the development of quick and direct transcoding. The relation between transcoding problems and arithmetical disabilities is discussed. A defect in the linking of numerical symbols to analog numerical representations is proposed as an explanation for the transcoding problems found in some children. 相似文献