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51.
Sixteen student volunteers were administered a placebo and 50 mg. of chlorpromazine in tablet form, on separate occasions,
two hours before testing. The three tests measured dichotic listening performance, lateral eye movements while answering questions
about spatial location and verbal meaning, and lateralized facial expression while relating pleasant and unpleasant life incidents.
Results showed that chlorpromazine increased the number of trials showing an ear advantage in dichotic listening. Chlorpromazine
reduced lateral and increased vertical eye movements in response to the questions about spatial location and verbal meaning.
Under the placebo both negative and positive emotions were expressed more in the left face. Although chlorpromazine did not
affect this lateralization of negative emotions, the expression of positive emotions occurred equally often on the two sides
of the face under chlorpromazine. Results may be related to an effect of chlorpromazine on the asymmetrical dopamine pathways
of the brain. It is suggested that the findings may be related to a left hemisphere deficit in schizophrenia. 相似文献
52.
Observational learning of two visual discriminations by pigeons: a within-subjects design.
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G B Biederman H A Robertson M Vanayan 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1986,46(1):45-49
Pigeon's observational learning of successive visual discrimination was studied using within-subject comparisons of data from three experimental conditions. Two pairs of discriminative stimuli were used; each bird was exposed to two of the three experimental conditions, with different pairs of stimuli used in a given bird's two conditions. In one condition, observers were exposed to visual discriminative stimuli only. In a second condition, subjects were exposed to a randomly alternating sequence of two stimuli where the one that would subsequently be used as S+ was paired with the operation of the grain magazine. In a third experimental condition, subjects were exposed to the performance of a conspecific in the operant discrimination procedure. After exposures to conspecific performances, there was facilitation of discriminative learning, relative to that which followed exposures to stimulus and reinforcement sequences or exposures to stimulus sequences alone. Exposure to stimulus and food-delivery sequences enhanced performance relative to exposure to stimulus sequences alone. The differential effects of these three types of exposure were not attributable to order effects or to task difficulty; rather, they clearly were due to the type of exposure. 相似文献
53.
DOES EFFORT PLAY A ROLE IN THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REQUIREMENTS ON DELAYED MATCHING TO SAMPLE? 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
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The possible role of "effort" in the accuracy of pigeons' performance on a delayed matching-to-sample procedure was investigated by examining the effects of response requirements that accompanied a trial-initiating stimulus and that accompanied a sample stimulus. In the first experiment, the effect of varying the size of a fixed-ratio requirement for responses during an initiating stimulus was compared to that of varying a similar requirement for responses during the sample stimulus. Accuracy increased reliably with increases in the ratio scheduled during the sample stimulus, but was not significantly affected by increases in the ratio scheduled on the key during the initiating stimulus. In another phase of Experiment 1, sample duration was held constant while the ratio requirement was varied during the initiating stimulus. Again, accuracy of matching to sample was not significantly affected by the size of the ratio scheduled during the initiating stimulus. Experiment 2 provided a systematic replication of these results in another group of pigeons and included a more detailed analysis of responding. These results support the view that increases in sample-response requirement facilitate accuracy of delayed matching by increasing the durations of exposure to the sample stimuli, and do not support a role of effort in the sample-response effect. In Experiment 3, the facilitative effect of responses on the sample but not of those on the initiating stimulus was replicated using a simultaneous matching-to-sample procedure. This finding provides further evidence against an interpretation of response-requirement effects that appeals to effort; the finding also suggests that sample exposure might affect initial discrimination of the sample rather than remembering the sample. 相似文献
54.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation between personality and emotional feelings within ecologically valid settings Nineteen subjects rated their emotions in a wide variety of work, recreation, social, and alone situations sampled over a 30-day period They were also administered the Personality Research Form and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Although theoretically predictable relations were found between certain personality traits and specific emotions averaged across situations, it was not until we distinguished chosen from imposed situations that the most meaningful results were obtained Both temperament and nontemperament personality traits were found to be related to specific emotions Implications of the present findings for research on situation selection and the status of personality traits are discussed 相似文献
55.
R Pisacreta D Gough E Redwood L Goodfellow 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1986,45(3):269-282
Four pigeons were trained on a multiple variable-interval 30-s extinction schedule with various pairs of spoken English words presented as the discriminative stimuli. The birds typically produced discrimination indices of 70% to 90% accuracy. Discrimination accuracy was improved by shortening the interval between auditory stimulus presentations, and by increasing the number of syllables in the words. 相似文献
56.
It has been suggested that the failure to maximize reinforcement on concurrent variable-interval, variable-ratio schedules may be misleading. Inasmuch as response costs are not directly measured, it is possible that subjects are optimally balancing the benefits of reinforcement against the costs of responding. To evaluate this hypothesis, pigeons were tested in a procedure in which interval and ratio schedules had equal response costs. On a concurrent variable time (VT), variable ratio-time (VRT) schedule, the VT schedule runs throughout the session and the VRT schedule is controlled by responses to a changeover key that switches from one schedule to the other. Reinforcement is presented independent of response. This schedule retains the essential features of concurrent VI VR, but eliminates differential response costs for the two alternatives. It therefore also eliminates at least one significant ambiguity about the reinforcement maximizing performance. Pigeons did not maximize rate of reinforcement on this procedure. Instead, their times spent on the alternative schedules matched the relative rates of reinforcement, even when schedule parameters were such that matching earned the lowest possible overall rate of reinforcement. It was further shown that the observed matching was not a procedural artifact arising from the constraints built into the schedule. 相似文献
57.
Drug-behavior interaction history: modification of the effects of morphine on punished behavior. 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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Squirrel monkeys were trained to respond under a multiple fixed-interval, fixed-interval schedule in which the first response after 5 min terminated a visual stimulus in the presence of which electric shocks could occur. During one component of the schedule, correlated with one color of stimulus lights, every 30th response also produced electric shock; responding was suppressed during this component to approximately 10 to 12% of that occurring in the alternate component in which responding was not punished. In contrast to previous research, morphine (0.03 to 1.0 mg/kg) increased punished responding. Unpunished responding, however, was either not affected or decreased at doses of morphine that increased punished responding. Increases in rate of punished responding also occurred when the single-schedule punishment condition was studied alone in these animals. Subsequent experimentation, which systematically analyzed the development of the rate-enhancing effects of morphine on punished responding, involved the study of drug effects in additional monkeys trained initially under a single-schedule punishment condition. The effects of morphine on punished responding were studied before, after, and then during exposure to the multiple schedule that included a component in which responding was not punished. Increases in response rate with morphine did not occur until it was administered during exposure to the multiple schedule that included a component in which responding was not punished. As with the other monkeys, once the rate increases in punished responding occurred under the multiple schedule, these effects of morphine persisted, even when the multiple schedule was removed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
58.
Though the term “new technology” is widely used and discussed, there has been very little systematic study of attitudes to
technology and their relation to other beliefs and group memberships. This article describes an initial investigation into
the nature of attitudes towards new technology (n=534 undergraduates) and demonstrates that, as yet, these attitudes are only weakly structured and are not fully integrated
with other social beliefs. General evaluations of the benefits of technological advance appear to be almost unrelated to beliefs
about the inevitability of these advances or the desire to acquire training to deal with them. Contrary to popular expectations,
evaluations of video games are unrelated to other beliefs about technology while other social beliefs are, as yet, only weakly
integrated with these attitudes. This study also identifies gender differences in the assessment of potential benefits and
highlights other differences attributable to academic group memberships. These finding are discussed with reference to the
literature on sex-role stereotyping and group socialization processes. 相似文献
59.
Factors affecting spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) in animals, for example, age, gender and species studied; type of
apparatus and cues employed; and neuro-anatomical, neuro-chemical and motivational status of the organism, were reviewed.
Despite a myriad of experiments showing interesting main effects of such variables, little research has been performed assessing
the interactive affects of these factors on alternation behavior. For example, psychologists test rats in central nervous
system (CNS) lesion studies, whereas psychopharmacologists tend to assess SAB in mice. Most importantly, studies have not
been reported investigating the possible interactions among species, brain lesions and drugs. This is an unfortunate omission
since several important alternation models include propositions relating to cholinergic and/or serotonergic coding in the
hippocampus. Examination of behavioral studies revealed the primary cue for alternation among invertebrates to be body turn,
whereas vertebrates rely primarily on directional and odor cues. Reference to the seeking of stimulus change remains the most
compelling motivational account of why animals manifest this ubiquitious and reliable behavior pattern.
This review and the unpublished studies were supported by Research Grants MH16962, MH21288, and MH36491 from the National
Institute of Mental Health and the Wake Forest University Research and Publication Fund. 相似文献
60.
Inpatient Multimodal Therapy (imt) is a residential treatment program, lasting a maximum of 36 weeks, for patients with severe neurotic symptoms. A group of
44 chronic obsessive-compulsive patients and a group of 40 chronic phobic patients were treated in order to assess the outcome
and the process of treatment and to identify prognostic factors associated with the effect. At follow-up—on average, eight
months after discharge—it was found that 60% had improved, 32% had remained the same, and 8% had deteriorated, indicating
that, in general, the treatment was beneficial. That these effects were long-lasting is supported by the fact that, at follow-up,
78% of all patients were no longer receiving treatment, 18% were receiving outpatient or day treatment, and 4% were receiving
inpatient treatment. Phobic patients appear to have gained more from the multimodal approach than did obsessive-compulsive
patients, as indicated by the fact that the severity of symptoms decreased as they improved in rational thinking, assertiveness,
and arousal. By contrast, obsessive-compulsive patients relapsed more than phobic patients did. This was attributed to the
fact that the former gained less from the rational-emotive training, denied problems with assertiveness, and did not practice
the acquired relaxation skills. It further appeared that a favorable outcome could be induced in patients who (1) expressed
relatively mild symptoms in this otherwise severe group, (2) reported relatively few additional complaints, (3) could clearly
indicate interpersonal problems, and (4) did not use psychotropic drugs. These prognostic factors are so widespread that not
much weight can be ascribed to them. Yet they are useful for indication ofimt until better predictors are found. 相似文献