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731.
Cole SW 《Current directions in psychological science》2009,18(3):132-137
ABSTRACT— The relationship between genes and social behavior has historically been construed as a one-way street, with genes in control. Recent analyses have challenged this view, by discovering broad alterations in the expression of human genes as a function of differing socio-environmental conditions. The emerging field of social genomics has begun to identity the types of genes subject to social regulation, the biological signaling pathways mediating those effects, and the genetic polymorphisms that moderate socioenvironmental influences on human gene expression. 相似文献
732.
Emmanuel Guzman-Martinez Parkson Leung Steve Franconeri Marcia Grabowecky Satoru Suzuki 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(3):491-496
Maintenance of stable central eye fixation is crucial for a variety of behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging
experiments. Naive observers in these experiments are not typically accustomed to fixating, either requiring the use of cumbersome
and costly eyetracking or producing confounds in results. We devised a flicker display that produced an easily detectable
visual phenomenon whenever the eyes moved. A few minutes of training using this display dramatically improved the accuracy
of eye fixation while observers performed a demanding spatial attention cuing task. The same amount of training using control
displays did not produce significant fixation improvements, and some observers consistently made eye movements to the peripheral
attention cue, contaminating the cuing effect. Our results indicate that (1) eye fixation can be rapidly improved in naive
observers by providing real-time feedback about eye movements, and (2) our simple flicker technique provides an easy and effective
method for providing this feedback. S. Suzuki, satoru@northwestern.edu 相似文献
733.
Cooperation versus competition in a mass emergency evacuation: A new laboratory simulation and a new theoretical model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
John Drury Chris Cocking Steve Reicher Andy Burton Damian Schofield Andrew Hardwick Danielle Graham Paul Langston 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(3):957-970
Virtual reality technology is argued to be suitable to the simulation study of mass evacuation behavior, because of the practical
and ethical constraints in researching this field. This article describes three studies in which a new virtual reality paradigm
was used, in which participants had to escape from a burning underground rail station. Study 1 was carried out in an immersion
laboratory and demonstrated that collective identification in the crowd was enhanced by the (shared) threat embodied in emergency
itself. In Study 2, high-identification participants were more helpful and pushed less than did low-identification participants.
In Study 3, identification and group size were experimentally manipulated, and similar results were obtained. These results
support a hypothesis according to which (emergent) collective identity motivates solidarity with strangers. It is concluded
that the virtual reality technology developed here represents a promising start, although more can be done to embed it in
a traditional psychology laboratory setting. 相似文献
734.
Carolien Thush Reinout W Wiers Susan L Ames Jerry L Grenard Steve Sussman Alan W Stacy 《Psychology of addictive behaviors》2007,21(4):587-591
Recently, there has been increased interest in the role of implicit cognitive processes in the development of addictive behaviors. In this study, the authors compared 3 indirect measures of alcohol-related cognitions in the prospective prediction of alcohol use in at-risk adolescents. Implicit alcohol-related cognitions were assessed in 88 Dutch at-risk adolescents ranging in age from 14 to 20 years (51 males, 37 females) by means of varieties of word association tasks, Implicit Association Tests, and Extrinsic Affective Simon Tasks adapted for alcohol use. Alcohol use and alcohol-related problems were measured with self-report questionnaires at baseline and after 1 month. Results showed that the indirect measures predicted unique variance in prospective alcohol use after controlling for the direct measure of alcohol-related cognitions and background variables. The results indicate that the word association tasks were the best indirect measure of alcohol-related cognitions. These indirect measures appear to assess cognitive motivational processes that affect behavior in ways not reflected by direct measures of alcohol-related cognitions. 相似文献
735.
Team cognition in experienced command-and-control teams 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cooke NJ Gorman JC Duran JL Taylor AR 《Journal of experimental psychology. Applied》2007,13(3):146-157
Team cognition in experienced command-and-control teams is examined in an UAV (Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle) simulation. Five 3-person teams with experience working together in a command-and-control setting were compared to 10 inexperienced teams. Each team participated in five 40-min missions of a simulation in which interdependent team members control a UAV to take reconnaissance photos. Experienced teams exceeded performance of inexperienced teams, suggesting transfer of previous command-and-control experience. Compared to inexperienced teams, experienced teams had fewer errors on process-related training knowledge, superior team process ratings, and communications containing fewer coordination-related utterances. These findings support the view that team cognition emerges through the interactions of team members, that interactions distinguish high-performing teams from average teams, and that these interactions transfer across different tasks. 相似文献
736.
Advances in technology in the last century have provided the opportunity to observe human behavior in one, two, and three dimensions with higher recording frequencies and greater spatial accuracy. Consequently, detailed analyses of individual trials and composite measures of multiple movement trajectories are possible. However, 3-D data have often been analyzed by performing independent analyses of the limb trajectory along each axis. Essentially, analyses of individual axes are often inappropriate as movement in each axis can contribute to the overall trajectory. Employing such methods can compound error throughout the analysis process. The purpose of this study was to determine appropriate post hoc and real-time 3-D optoelectronic data reduction procedures for manual aiming movements. Rapid goal-directed movements were recorded using an Optotrak and triaxial accelerometer. Data were separately subjected to second order Butterworth filters employing low-cut frequencies of 6-24 Hz in 2 Hz increments. Subsequently, acceleration profiles were derived by double differentiating the individual position profiles and then calculating the resultant acceleration profile. In addition, acceleration profiles were also calculated by finding the resultant position and the total distance traveled each frame prior to double differentiation. Root mean square error between the derived and acquired profiles was employed as our main dependent measure. Trajectories reduced with the total distance procedure produced the lowest root mean square error. The results are important for experimenters analyzing 3-D data post hoc and those implementing real-time manipulations. 相似文献
737.
Steve Zemmelman 《The Journal of analytical psychology》2017,62(2):247-262
The evolution of Jung's relationship with Judaism is interpreted as reflecting aspects of the individuation journey over the course of a long life. The progress and limitations of his public positions and personal relationships are explored through his published work and correspondence. Perspectives from relational psychoanalysis and Jewish philosophy are used to amplify Jung's understanding of Jewish, and specifically Kabbalistic, text and image. Dimensions of the author's own journey toward greater acceptance of his own Jewish soul is also considered, along with the wider contemporary relevance of these themes. 相似文献
738.
Elizabeth Moroney Irene Tung Whitney A. Brammer Tara S. Peris Steve S. Lee 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2017,45(3):457-470
Although parental attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a risk factor for multiple negative youth outcomes, it is unknown how change in parental ADHD symptoms over time affects change in child ADHD symptoms; moreover, mediators of these predictions are largely unknown. Parents of 230 5–10 year-old children (68 % male) with (n = 120) and without ADHD (n = 110) were followed prospectively for 6–7 years across three separate waves. Parents self-reported their ADHD and depression symptoms and similarly rated offspring ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) symptoms; youth self-reported their substance use. Temporally-ordered mediators consisted of parental expressed emotion (EE), derived from the Five Minute Speech Sample, and self-reported positive and negative parenting behavior. Controlling for key demographics and parental depression symptoms, increasing parental ADHD symptoms were a time-varying predictor of worsening youth ADHD and ODD, although it was unrelated to change in CD and alcohol/substance use. Next, although EE facets (i.e., criticism, emotional over-involvement) did not mediate these predictions, negative parenting behavior significantly mediated predictions of youth ADHD (and marginally in predictions of ODD) from parental ADHD symptoms. These quasi-experimental findings suggest that parental ADHD symptoms are a potential unique causal risk factor for offspring ADHD and ODD; also, preventing negative parenting behavior secondary to parental ADHD symptoms is critical to improve trajectories of youth ADHD and ODD. We consider parental ADHD symptoms and family factors underlying emergent externalizing problems utilizing a developmental psychopathology framework, including implications for intervention and prevention. 相似文献
739.
Vivian Eng Alfred Lim Simon Kwon Su Ren Gan S. Azrin Jamaluddin Steve M. J. Janssen Jason Satel 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2017,79(4):1097-1106
There are thought to be two forms of inhibition of return (IOR) depending on whether the oculomotor system is activated or suppressed. When saccades are allowed, output-based IOR is generated, whereas input-based IOR arises when saccades are prohibited. In a series of 4 experiments, we mixed or blocked compatible and incompatible trials with saccadic or manual responses to investigate whether cueing effects would follow the same pattern as those observed with more traditional peripheral onsets and central arrows. In all experiments, an uninformative cue was displayed, followed by a cue-back stimulus that was either red or green, indicating whether a compatible or incompatible response was required. The results showed that IOR was indeed observed for compatible responses in all tasks, whereas IOR was eliminated for incompatible trials—but only with saccadic responses. These findings indicate that the dissociation between input- and output-based forms of IOR depends on more than just oculomotor activation, providing further support for the existence of an inhibitory cueing effect that is distinct to the manual response modality. 相似文献
740.
Wenqin Zhang Steve M. Jex Yisheng Peng Dongdong Wang 《Journal of business and psychology》2017,32(3):235-251