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81.
Stephen D. O‘Leary 《Argumentation》1997,11(3):293-313
This essay proposes to extend the model of apocalyptic argument developedin my recent book Arguing the Apocalypse (OLeary, 1994) beyond the study ofreligious discourse, by applying this model to the debate over awell-publicized earthquake prediction that caused a widespread panic in theAmerican midwest in December, 1990. The first section of the essay willsummarize the essential elements of apocalyptic argument as I have earlierdefined them; the second section will apply the model to the case of the NewMadrid, Missouri, earthquake prediction, in order to demonstrate thatcertain patterns of reasoning characteristic of religious apocalyptic arepresent in the discourse over an anticipated local disaster. My ultimatepurpose is to show that predictions of global and local catastrophe mayserve as extreme cases that will illuminate the dynamics of predictiveargument in general. Thus my argument will seek to undercut Daniel Bellsdistinction between prophecy and prediction (Bell, 1973) by establishingthat these discourses share identifiable formal and substantivecharacteristics, and depend for their rhetorical effect on anxiety, hope,far, and excitement as modes of temporal anticipation. 相似文献
82.
David A. Ward Mark C. Stafford Louis N. Gray Ben A. Menke 《Journal of applied social psychology》1994,24(20):1777-1793
Traditional studies of deterrence have focused on punishment with less regard for the rewards of both crime and noncrime. Influenced by work in economics and behavioral psychology, more recent studies have departed from tradition by incorporating rewards for crime. To this extent, they should be regarded as advances over the more traditional approaches. Notwithstanding these advances, variations in both the probability and magnitude of reward for noncrime have not been systematically included in these more recent theories of choice. In an attempt to determine whether opportunities for noncrime are either central or trivial to the criminal decision-making process, the present study fitted two alternative models to experimental data involving risk-taking: (a) the economic utility model employed by Piliavin, Gartner, Thornton, and Matsueda (1986) in their study of criminal choice; and (b) the satisfaction balance model developed by Gray and Tallman (1984). Results showed that while both models explained significant amounts of variation in the dependent variable, the Gray-Tallman model provided a substantially better fit of the data. Despite limitations inherent in experimental studies as, for example, limitations surrounding the issue of external validity, the findings strongly suggest that opportunities for noncrime are as important as rewards and costs for crime in the process by which criminal decisions are made. 相似文献
83.
Reports of community alienation and high ingroup identification in the police suggest that they are a particularly ethnocentric group. To empirically test this hypothesis, a sample of urban police officers was surveyed to ascertain their social identity pattern. Results indicated a high level of peer solidarity, community alienation differentiated on the basis of race and social class, and the perception that the source of alienation lies more with the community than with the officers themselves. A central finding was that those officers who identified most strongly with peers also tended to report lower levels of alienation from the community groups. This finding, in conjunction with unremarkable levels of authoritarianism and perceived stress in the sample, challenges the stereotype of the ethnocentric, authoritarian, and stressed out police officer. Results are placed within a novel framework for understanding the police solidarity phenomenon, and implications for police-community relations are discussed. 相似文献
84.
Verena H. Menec Raymond P. Perry C. Ward Struthers Dieter J. Schonwetter Frank J. Hechter Brila L. Eichholz 《Journal of applied social psychology》1994,24(8):675-701
Attributional retraining appears to be an effective remedial intervention for college students. However, the potential moderating effects of student and classroom characteristics have not yet been investigated systematically. In two studies, attributional retraining was provided to low- and high-risk students, followed by a videotaped lecture presented by either an ineffective or effective instructor. Attributional retraining enhanced achievement on a lecture-based achievement test only when combined with effective teaching, improving the achievement of students who had previously performed poorly (Experiment l), and of low-achieving externals (Experiment 2). The intervention provided no advantage for previously successful students and low-achieving internals. Moreover, attributional retraining induced a more internal attribution profile in students with an external locus, and increased expectations of future success in both externals and internals, but again only when students also received effective instruction. These results suggest that contextual factors related to the classroom, such as quality of instruction, and individual differences have to be considered when developing attributional retraining programs. 相似文献
85.
ABSTRACT This investigation used data from Loehlin and Nichols's (1976) study of over 800 sets of twins to examine evidence for the heritability of three facets of empathy: empathic concern, personal distress, and perspective taking. Expert judges first identified sets of adjectives, included within Loehlin and Nichols's original data, which reflected each empathy construct; these items were then validated in an independent sample. Comparisons of the responses given to these items by identical and fraternal twins in the Loehlin and Nichols investigation revealed evidence of significant heritability for characteristics associated with the two affective facets of empathy—empathic concern and personal distress—but not for the nonaffective construct of perspective taking. This pattern is consistent with the view that temperamental emotionality may underlie the heritability of affective empathy. 相似文献
86.
87.
Stephen McAdams Suzanne Winsberg Sophie Donnadieu Geert De Soete Jochen Krimphoff 《Psychological research》1995,58(3):177-192
To study the perceptual structure of musical timbre and the effects of musical training, timbral dissimilarities of synthesized instrument sounds were rated by professional musicians, amateur musicians, and nonmusicians. The data were analyzed with an extended version of the multidimensional scaling algorithm CLASCAL (Winsberg & De Soete, 1993), which estimates the number of latent classes of subjects, the coordinates of each timbre on common Euclidean dimensions, a specificity value of unique attributes for each timbre, and a separate weight for each latent class on each of the common dimensions and the set of specificities. Five latent classes were found for a three-dimensional spatial model with specificities. Common dimensions were quantified psychophysically in terms of log-rise time, spectral centroid, and degree of spectral variation. The results further suggest that musical timbres possess specific attributes not accounted for by these shared perceptual dimensions. Weight patterns indicate that perceptual salience of dimensions and specificities varied across classes. A comparison of class structure with biographical factors associated with degree of musical training and activity was not clearly related to the class structure, though musicians gave more precise and coherent judgments than did nonmusicians or amateurs. The model with latent classes and specificities gave a better fit to the data and made the acoustic correlates of the common dimensions more interpretable. 相似文献
88.
Stephen G. Weinrach 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1995,73(3):296-300
Objections to Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) seem to exceed the mere rational preference for one approach over another. Ziegler suggested that James's dichotomy between Tough- and Tender-Mindedness might explain REBT's appeal to some and its failure to attract others. REBT is a predominantly Tough-Minded therapy, but the counseling profession is largely Tender Minded. In this article, the author examines why Tender-Minded counselors may not accept REBT, what common misperceptions of REBT may contribute to this rejection, and how the two might be reconciled. Intervention strategies for Tender-Minded counselors are suggested. 相似文献
89.
Stephen Hill 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1995,8(2):88-112
The pace, shape and meaning of development are cultural phenomena—fundamentally driven by the meanings people ascribe to their
action, to the symbols they aspire to, and by the wider values contexts within which they are acting. However, people participating
within the development process continuously confront a tension between the assertion of the cultural meanings of the local
known social world and the assertion of the meanings of an idealized largely unknown social world that stretches beyond immediate
experience, and that is particularly represented in commodity symbols and media images. Tension is therefore between indigenization
or globalization. The product, greater valence of indigenization or globalization, results from the alternative ways in which
tension between the two domains is resolved.
In the modern social world access to knowledge, as well as the impact of knowledge embodied within technological artifacts,
are key drivers in both the level of participation in development and the level of colonization of indigenized meanings by
globalized frameworks of understanding. The current paper therefore focuses on the role of knowledge within the interactions
between globalization and indigenization.
The paper demonstrates that the general trend of development during the last half of the twentieth century has driven cultural
change towards more globalized meanings and dependencies. The dynamics of technological access and change are centrally implicated.
However, new opportunities are opening up at both local indigenized levels and within modernizing sectors, and the essence
of these opportunities lies in capturing a cultural advantage. At the indigenous society level, a focus on capitalizing on
indigenous technical knowledge can have enormous payoffs in terms of economic development outcomes. Meanwhile, a focus on
linking local with modernizing sectors through bridging technologies and knowledge across indigenous and global cultures allows
indigenous cultures to share in the economic benefits of modernization. And finally, a new wave of change is emerging in the
modernized sector itself, opening up quite new opportunities for “small players”—whether they be small firms or small countries.
The opportunities are set within change in the global orders of technology and science over the last five to ten years. What
matters is the ability of these small players to be highly responsive, to capture knowledge flows through both technical and
social capabilities of their people; in other words, global advantage follows from capture of local cultural strength.
Stephen Hill is foundation director for the Center for Research Policy, located at the University of Wollongong, and established
as a special research center of the Australian Research Council. More recently, he was appointed Regional Director of UNESCO
for South East Asia and the Pacific. Professor Hill will assume his new appointment in June, 1995. 相似文献
90.