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971.
Children's language acquisition 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M L Rice 《The American psychologist》1989,44(2):149-156
Child language acquisition has only recently become an important research topic for developmental psychologists, although the universal appearance of language during the second year of life has long fascinated philosophers. For normally developing children, language emerges spontaneously as a means of talking about what they know so that they can accomplish social goals important to them. Some children, however, need to be taught. This article reviews current issues in child language acquisition and suggests a research agenda for helping those children who have difficulty mastering the fundamentals of language. 相似文献
972.
Some evidence in support of a relationship between human auditory signal-detection performance and the phase of the alpha cycle 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study concerned the hypothesis presented by Lindsley in 1961 that human sensorimotor performance should vary with the phase of the alpha cycle. Although there have been a number of studies which have supported this hypothesis, there has been no work from a modality other than the visual modality. Since eye tremor is correlated in phase and frequency with the alpha rhythm, these visual results might be explained by the peripheral eye tremor and not necessarily by the central alpha rhythm. The present study measured human auditory signal-detection performance at four different phases of the temporally (T5-linked mastoids) measured alpha rhythm. These four different phases were defined on an a priori basis by a computer algorithm. Detection performance was significantly better at the negative peak of this alpha cycle than at the positive peak, but there was no significant difference between the positively and negatively going zero cross performances. These results are consistent with the Lindsley hypothesis. 相似文献
973.
Richard Koestner Allan Ramey Stephen Kelner Robert Meenan David McClelland 《Motivation and emotion》1989,13(1):21-29
The present experiment examined whether adults suffering from arthritis evidence motivational deficits reflective of a diminished sense of effectiveness in dealing with their environment. Content-coding of imaginative stories revealed that both osteoarthritics and rheumatoid arthritics possess significantly lower levels of achievement and power motivation compared with control subjects. Furthermore, arthritic patients with poor health status, as assessed by the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales, were found to be especially low in their level of achievement motivation. No differences between arthritics and healthy controls were found when self-report measures of achievement and power motivation were used in place of the thematically coded indices. That is, arthritics reported that their desire to do something better and their desire to influence others was just as strong as that of healthy adults. This suggests that arthritic adults suffer from a motivational deficit that may not be revealed in response to direct questions about their motives or goals.This research was funded by a National Institute of Health Grant (AR 20613) to the Multipurpose Arthritis Center at Boston University and by a fellowship from the Seaver Institute. 相似文献
974.
Stephen P. Hinshaw Duane Buhrmester Tracy Heller 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1989,17(4):393-407
Although stimulant medication reduces hyperactive children's aggression in naturalistic settings, stimulant effects on anger control have not been demonstrated. We therefore assessed the role of methylphenidate in enhancing response to verbal provocation from familiar peers and from role-playing adults. Twenty-four boys with attention deficithyperactivity disorder (ADHD), aged 6–12, received small-group cognitivebehavioral intervention in anger management skills. During posttraining assessments, the children were randomly assigned to placebo versus. 6 mg/kg of methylphenidate. In the peer provocations, methylphenidate enhanced self-control, decreased physical retaliation, and marginally increased the display of coping strategies. Medication and prompting were minimally beneficial in the delayed, adult-administered generalization assessments. Among the issues discussed are (a) differences between peer and adult provocation and (b) the roles of medication dosage and multimodality intervention for promoting socially competent behavior in children with ADHD.We gratefully acknowledge the Fernald Child Study Center of the University of California, Los Angeles, which provided major support for this research. In addition, we acknowledge the dedication of the small-group trainers, too numerous to mention individually, who led the intervention procedures for the children, and the experimenters who performed the individual provocation assessments. The careful behavior observations of Linda Douglas, Rebecca Eiser, Deborah Gibson, Mike Glenn, Melissa Michaelson, Jon Rafuse, Fauzia Simjee, Leslie Sherman, and Madelin Tundidor were central to the study. Finally, our colleagues Barbara Henker and Carol K. Whalen were instrumental in facilitating all aspects of this investigation. 相似文献
975.
Stephen P. Schwartz 《Synthese》1989,80(3):395-406
I would like to thank Terence Horgan, William Throop and especially my wife, Diane Schwartz, for helpful suggestions for improving this paper and for valuable and insightful discussions on the topic of vagueness. I would also like to thank Ithaca College for generously supporting the work on this paper with a Summer Research Grant. 相似文献
976.
Subjects tapped the perceived meter or beat of polyrhythms that consisted of two conflicting pulse trains (e.g., three elements/repetition vs. five elements/repetition). The meter interpretation was based on the global rhythmic properties of a polyrhythm as well as on the temporal properties of each pulse train. The rhythmic properties of a polyrhythm restricted the range of meter interpretations. Some polyrhythms were overdetermined and allowed but one meter, while others were more ambiguous and allowed several meters. For all polyrhythms, however, the temporal interval between elements of a pulse train determined whether that pulse train would serve as the background beat. These results demonstrate the value of a hierarchic analysis of rhythm 相似文献
977.
Paula L. Whang R. Kay Fletcher Stephen B. Fawcett 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1982,15(3):325-334
A community development perspective suggests the value of using local resources to solve local problems. Two low-income staff of a community service center served as nonprofessional counselors after receiving a training program consisting of written instructions, practice, and performance feedback. The effects of the 40-hour training program were positive for both counseling and problem-solving skills. There was also evidence of generalization of counseling performance across clients, problems, and time. In addition, expert judges' ratings of performance were obtained as a measure of social validity. These findings suggest that the training procedures are effective in enhancing the counseling and problem-solving skills of low-income nonprofessionals. 相似文献
978.
979.
Stephen Nowicki 《Journal of research in personality》1982,16(2):157-164
To test the hypothesis that internals will achieve more than externals in situations where competition is preeminent but not where cooperation is required, 300 children completed a digit-symbol task and a locus of control scale. Children were divided into internals and externals, placed in situations varying in competition and cooperation, and readministered the digit-symbol task. While the general hypothesis was supported, it was found that externals increased from their significantly low performance in the competitive situation to equal performance with internals in the cooperative situation. These findings are discussed in terms of their meaning for social learning theory and their relevance for the potential development of classroom teaching methods for increasing achievement behavior. 相似文献
980.
Forty-eight male normal drinkers were given a beverage to drink containing either tonic plus alcohol or tonic alone, and then were asked to perform arithmetic problems under either stressful or nonstressful conditions. Self-report measures of positive and negative affect and actual measures of physiological arousal (pulse rate and finger pulse volume) were collected at four times: baseline, ascending limb of the blood concentration BAC curve. Results indicated that (a) the stress manipulation was effective in increasing negative and actual physiological arousal, (b) subjects were more accurate in estimating the amount of alcohol they consumed under stressful than under nonstressful conditions, (c) alcohol was not effective in reducing the negative affect or physiological arousal produced by the stress, and (d) alcohol was effective in reducing negative affect and increasing positive affect under nonstressful conditions. These results support the growing body of research that suggests that alcohol produces a complex pattern of responses, one of which may be the enhancement of mood under nonstressful conditions.This research was suported in part by Grant No. AA00100 from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, and a grant from the Vanderbilt University Research Council. 相似文献