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981.
982.
Wagering contingent on a previous decision, or post-decision wagering, has recently been proposed to measure conscious awareness. Whilst intuitively appealing, it remains unclear whether economic context interacts with subjective confidence and how such interactions might impact on the measurement of awareness. Here we propose a signal detection model which predicts that advantageous wagers placed on the identity of preceding stimuli are affected by loss aversion, despite stimulus visibility remaining constant. This pattern of predicted results was evident in a psychophysical task where we independently manipulated perceptual and economic factors. Changes in wagering behaviour induced by changes in wager size were largely driven by changes in criterion, consistent with the model. However, for near-threshold stimuli, a reduction in wagering efficiency was also evident, consistent with an apparent but potentially illusory decrease in awareness of the stimulus. These findings challenge an assertion that post-decision wagering provides a direct index of subjective awareness. 相似文献
983.
Vandana Shashi Matcheri Keshavan Jessica Kaczorowski Kelly Schoch Kathryn E. Lewandowski Allyn McConkie-Rosell Stephen R. Hooper Thomas R. Kwapil 《Journal of genetic counseling》2010,19(5):535-544
The purpose of this study is to examine the association between parental socio-economic status (SES) and childhood neurocognition
and behavior in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). Although undoubtedly, the deletion of genes
in the 22q11.2 interval is primarily responsible for the psychological manifestations, little is known about the role of the
environment in either mitigating or contributing to these problems. We examined the association of parental socio-economic
status (SES) with cognition and behavior in children with 22q11DS (n = 65) and matched healthy control subjects (n = 52), since SES is a component of family resources. We found that in children with 22q11DS, higher SES correlated with better
overall functioning (p < .01) and social skills (p < .01), and less frequent oppositional defiant behavior (p < .001). These findings were in contrast to the control subjects in whom SES correlated with cognition and achievement, but
not behavior. Our results indicate that environmental factors influence the behavioral phenotype in children with 22q11DS,
providing a framework for developing appropriate interventions. As such, genetic counseling for families with 22q11DS may
include consideration of family resources and inclusion of other health professionals, such as social workers, to explore
with the family available social supports and resources. 相似文献
984.
985.
Neil P. Jones Greg J. Siegle Emilie R. Muelly Agnes Haggerty Frank Ghinassi 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(1):129-140
Depressed people perform poorly on cognitive tasks. It is unclear whether these deficits are due to decreased devotion of
task-related resources or to increased attention to non-task-related information. In the present study, we examined the degree
to which depressed and healthy adults displayed pupillary motility that varied at the frequency of presented stimuli on a
cognitive task, which we interpreted as task-related processing, and at other frequencies, which we interpreted as reflecting
intrinsic processing. Depressed participants made more consecutive errors than did controls. More pupillary motility at other
frequencies was associated with poorer performance, whereas more pupillary motility at the frequency of presented stimuli
was associated with better performance. Depressed participants had more pupillary motility at other frequencies, which partially
mediated observed deficits in cognitive performance. These findings support the hypothesis that allocating cognitive resources
to intrinsic processing contributes to observed cognitive deficits in depression. 相似文献
986.
Frank Larøi Sanneke de Haan Simon Jones Andrea Raballo 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2010,9(2):225-240
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are a highly complex and rich phenomena, and this has a number of important clinical, theoretical and methodological implications. However, until recently, this fact has not always been incorporated into the experimental designs and theoretical paradigms used by researchers within the cognitive sciences. In this paper, we will briefly outline two recent examples of phenomenologically informed approaches to the study of AVHs taken from a cognitive science perspective. In the first example, based on Larøi and Woodward (Harv Rev Psychiatry 15:109–117, 2007), it is argued that reality monitoring studies examining the cognitive underpinnings of hallucinations have not reflected the phenomenological complexity of AVHs in their experimental designs and theoretical framework. The second example, based on Jones (Schizophr Bull, in press, 2010), involves a critical examination of the phenomenology of AVHs in the context of two other prominent cognitive models: inner speech and intrusions from memory. It will be shown that, for both examples, the integration of a phenomenological analysis provides important improvements both on a methodological, theoretical and clinical level. This will be followed by insights and critiques from philosophy and clinical psychiatry—both of which offer a phenomenological alternative to the empiricist–rationalist conceptualisation of AVHs inherent to the cognitive sciences approach. Finally, the paper will conclude with ideas as to how the cognitive sciences may integrate these latter perspectives into their methodological and theoretical programmes. 相似文献
987.
The present study investigated the time course of visual information processing that is responsible for successful object change detection involving the configuration and shape of 3-D novel object parts. Using a one-shot change detection task, we manipulated stimulus and interstimulus mask durations (40—500 msec). Experiments 1A and 1B showed no change detection advantage for configuration at very short (40-msec) stimulus durations, but the configural advantage did emerge with durations between 80 and 160 msec. In Experiment 2, we showed that, at shorter stimulus durations, the number of parts changing was the best predictor of change detection performance. Finally, in Experiment 3, with a stimulus duration of 160 msec, configuration change detection was found to be highly accurate for each of the mask durations tested, suggesting a fast processing speed for this kind of change information. However, switch and shape change detection reached peak levels of accuracy only when mask durations were increased to 160 and 320 msec, respectively. We conclude that, with very short stimulus exposures, successful object change detection depends primarily on quantitative measures of change. However, with longer stimulus exposures, the qualitative nature of the change becomes progressively more important, resulting in the well-known configural advantage for change detection. 相似文献
988.
Stephen C. Angle 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2014,9(4):625-628
The core argument of Chenyang Li's new book is that harmony-understood in particular through the categories of "deep harmony" and "creative tension"-is the central idea of classical Confucianism. 相似文献
989.
Cooper S Marí-Beffa P 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2008,34(5):1198-1211
When switching between tasks, participants are sometimes required to use different response sets for each task. Thus, task switch and response set switch are confounded. In 5 experiments, the authors examined transitions of response within a linear 4-finger arrangement. A random baseline condition was compared with the cuing of specific response subsets grouped by hand or by finger equivalence, and these subsets were examined in both single task and task-switching designs. Results showed that part of the task switch cost is associated with switching between response sets. Furthermore, the analysis revealed a novel effect: When task switching and repetition trials are mixed, a bias towards switching the response and/or hand is found in task repetition trials. Response repetition is hindered when a task switch is expected, even for those trials when a switch of task does not occur. The results demonstrate executive processes involved in task set configuration closely depend on the motoric processing of the response set. The results are also important for current theories of task set control. 相似文献
990.
Lower- and higher-prejudiced individuals may strategically derogate negatively stereotyped individuals. Regardless of degree of prejudice, participants with a directional goal to discredit a threatening message and its source were more likely to do so when the source belonged to a negatively stereotyped group. They also were less persuaded by that stigmatized source. When this directional goal was negated by making the message nonthreatening, lower-prejudiced individuals evaluated the stigmatized and nonstigmatized sources, and their messages, similarly and were equally persuaded by both sources. When an accuracy goal was simultaneously introduced, lower-prejudice participants again rated the stigmatized and nonstigmatized sources comparably yet continued to derogate the stigmatized speaker's message and were less persuaded by him. Removing the directional goal or adding the accuracy goal did not affect higher-prejudiced participants' evaluations. The importance of examining situational goals and individual differences when studying biased responding is discussed. 相似文献