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981.
This research used a survey design (N = 227) to investigate Scottish people's support or opposition to independence from Britain. It was hypothesised that political attitudes towards supra‐national bodies are not a direct function of the degree of ingroup (Scottish) identification, but are moderated by the extent to which the expression of ingroup identity is seen as being undermined within the larger entity. This feeling of identity undermining is assumed to arise from perceptions of incompatibility with the outgroup and ingroup powerlessness within the common group. The results provided support for these hypotheses. Only for those participants who had high feelings of identity undermining did identification lead to stronger separatist attitudes. Moreover, incompatibility with the outgroup and ingroup powerlessness predicted feelings of identity undermining while this latter mediated their impact on attitudes to being part of Britain. These findings underline the importance of taking into account (a) the contents ascribed to identities and their relations, and (b) the practical ability to pursue a way of live based on these contents in order to understand the way identity processes shape attitudes towards superordinate groups. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
982.
983.
Stephen Maitzen 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2009,65(2):93-103
Skeptical theism claims that the probability of a perfect God’s existence isn’t at all reduced by our failure to see how such
a God could allow the horrific suffering that occurs in our world. Given our finite grasp of the realm of value, skeptical
theists argue, it shouldn’t surprise us that we fail to see the reasons that justify God in allowing such suffering, and thus
our failure to see those reasons is no evidence against God’s existence or perfection. Critics object that skeptical theism
implies a degree of moral skepticism that even skeptical theists will find objectionable and that it undermines moral obligations
that even skeptical theists will want to preserve. I discuss a version of the first objection and defend a version of the
second. 相似文献
984.
Rudi Kirkhaug PhD 《创造性行为杂志》2009,43(2):135-147
The relationship between loyalty to rules and the creativity that attempts to improve those same rules was examined among Norwegian army officers deployed in international operations. Today's army officers are faced with rapidly changing work conditions and unpredictable enemies, both of which challenge and outdate rules and routines. They thus may experience that they are either guided by too few or inadequate rules, or by many rules that need to be constantly updated. Assuming that following rules is advantageous to officers, then, contrary to classical theory, it was hypothesized that officers scoring both low and high on loyalty to rules would score high on creativity. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed a significant U‐shaped relationship between loyalty to rules and creativity. 相似文献
985.
Goal-setting and mental effort investment may be influenced by the perception of success or failure. The aim of the current
study was to investigate the dynamics of motivational intensity model using false performance feedback. Forty participants
performed a demanding cognitive task over five successive (5 min) blocks. Participants received performance feedback of either
progressive success or progressive failure. A number of psychophysiological variables were used to index mental effort investment
and emotion, including: HRV components, blood pressure, skin conductance level, EEG, and facial EMG. Subjective estimates
of mood, workload and motivation were also collected alongside performance measures. The success group experienced positive
affect and a less pronounced decline in subjective motivation in response to a perception of successful achievement. In contrast,
feedback of failure led to adverse changes in mood/motivation, but did not lead to the absolute withdrawal of effort, although
trends in the psychophysiological data suggest that participants in the failure group were on the verge of abandoning the
task. The implications of these findings are discussed within the context of goal-setting and effort regulation models. 相似文献
986.
Bimodal bilinguals are hearing individuals who know both a signed and a spoken language. Effects of bimodal bilingualism on behavior and brain organization are reviewed, and an fMRI investigation of the recognition of facial expressions by ASL-English bilinguals is reported. The fMRI results reveal separate effects of sign language and spoken language experience on activation patterns within the superior temporal sulcus. In addition, the strong left-lateralized activation for facial expression recognition previously observed for deaf signers was not observed for hearing signers. We conclude that both sign language experience and deafness can affect the neural organization for recognizing facial expressions, and we argue that bimodal bilinguals provide a unique window into the neurocognitive changes that occur with the acquisition of two languages. 相似文献
987.
The professional literature diverges in defining the role of forgiveness and reconciliation in counseling regarding how forgiveness and reconciliation are conceptualized from a professional and secular perspective. The Jewish conceptualization of forgiveness is multifaceted; mechila, the forgiveness of debt, is particularly important in providing a framework for forgiveness when the issue of reconciliation is involved. The authors offer an explanation of the Jewish conceptualization of forgiveness and discuss a way to infuse the concept of mechila into counseling practice on a broader level with all clients. 相似文献
988.
Our study examined the role of social identity processes in determining how individuals evaluate, deal with, and are affected by severe events of war. We reasoned that for those who experience such events collectively and who identify strongly with their group, primary appraisal will be filtered through the prism of social identity. In a sample of Kosovo Albanians who had survived the armed conflict in 1999, we found that those who were able to evaluate the war as affirming their group identity presented lower levels of depressive mood and anxiety and higher levels of self-efficacy. Furthermore, this process of war appraisal affected the process of secondary appraisal. Specifically, positive war appraisal increased availability of support from close others and reduced the importance of positive individual coping strategies in dealing with extreme events. Conversely, negative war appraisal reduced availability of support from close others and reduced the importance of negative coping strategies in dealing with extreme events. 相似文献
989.
Christos Pantelis Murat Yücel Emre Bora Alex Fornito Renée Testa Warrick J. Brewer Dennis Velakoulis Stephen J. Wood 《Neuropsychology review》2009,19(3):385-398
In this review, we describe neuropsychological and brain imaging findings in the early stages of psychosis and schizophrenia.
We focus on recent clinical high-risk studies and consider whether the evidence supports these as ‘endophenotypes’ of a vulnerability
to the illness or as ‘biomarkers’ of illness onset and transition. The findings suggest that there are a number of processes
at psychosis onset that may represent biomarkers of incipient illness. These neurobiological indices particularly implicate
the integrity of frontal and temporal cortices, which may or may not be related to the genetics of psychosis (i.e. potential
‘endophenotypes’). However, these brain regions are dynamically changing during normal maturation, meaning that any putative
neurobiological markers identified at the earliest stages of illness may be relatively unstable. We suggest that, while such
measures may be readily identified as potential neurobiological markers of established illness, they are inconsistent at (or
around) the time of illness onset when assessed cross-sectionally. Instead, identification of more valid risk markers may
require longitudinal assessment to ascertain normal or abnormal trajectories of neurodevelopment. Accordingly, we assert that
the current conceptualisations of potential biomarkers and/or ‘endophenotypes’ for schizophrenia may need to be reconsidered
in the context of normal and abnormal brain maturational processes at the time of onset of psychotic disorders. 相似文献
990.
Stephen M. Garcia Kimberlee Weaver John M. Darley Bryan T. Spence 《Journal of Consumer Psychology》2009,19(2):215-224
Encouraging consumers to engage in helpful behavior is a perennial task of marketers in non-profit and for-profit organizations. Recent research suggests that merely imagining the presence of others can lead to less helping behavior on a subsequent unrelated task (Garcia, S.M., Weaver, K.D., Moskowitz, G.B., and Darley, J.M. (2002). Crowded minds: The implicit bystander effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 843–853.). The present analysis uncovers the boundary conditions of this effect. Across four studies, we establish that the degree to which a group situation fosters public scrutiny is an important moderator. When group primes are paired with public scrutiny, their inhibitive effect on helping behavior diminishes, and helping behavior on a subsequent task tends to increase. The present research thus adds complexity to previous findings by suggesting that implicit bystanders can both decrease and increase helping behavior. 相似文献